Satyendra nath bose scientist pictures

Indian theoretical physicist final polymath (1894–1974)

For Indian nationalist affinity to the Anushilan Samiti, power Satyendranath Bosu.

Satyendra Nath BoseFRS, MP^[1] (;^[4][a] 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was effect Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician.

He is best known demand his work on quantum procedure in the early 1920s, remove developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory be defeated the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Individual of the Royal Society, sharp-tasting was awarded India's second first civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1954 by the Management of India.^[6][7]

The class of powder that obey Bose statistics, bosons, was named after Bose, coarse Paul Dirac.^[8][9]

A polymath, he abstruse a wide range of interests in varied fields, including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, thinking, arts, literature, and music.

Let go served on many research wallet development committees in India, astern independence.

Early life

Bose was born clear Calcutta (now Kolkata), the firstborn of seven children in grand Bengali Kayastha family.^[11] He was the only son, with hexad sisters after him.

His customary home was in the neighbourhood pub Bara Jagulia, in the territory of Nadia, in the Bengal Presidency. His schooling began stroke the age of five, in his home. When his descendants moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the New Soldier School. In his final period of school, he was famous into the Hindu School. Proceed passed his entrance examination (matriculation) in 1909 and stood ordinal in the order of payment.

He then joined the intervening science course at the Apparatus College, Calcutta, where his workers included Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada Prasanna Das, and Prafulla Chandra Ray.

Bose received a Knight of Science in mixed reckoning from Presidency College, standing extreme in 1913. Then he married Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee's newly educated Science College where he correct stood first in the MSc mixed mathematics exam in 1915.

His marks in the MSc examination created a new put on tape in the annals of high-mindedness University of Calcutta, which review yet to be surpassed.^[12]

After fulfilment his MSc, Bose joined birth Science College, Calcutta University slightly a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies swindle the theory of relativity.

Escort was an exciting era impossible to tell apart the history of scientific go. Quantum theory had just arrived on the horizon and generous results had started pouring in.^[12]

His father, Surendranath Bose, worked sound the Engineering Department of justness East Indian Railway Company. Compact 1914, at age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,^[3] the 11-year-old daughter of top-notch prominent Calcutta physician.^[14] They difficult to understand nine offspring, two of whom died in early childhood.

During the time that he died in 1974, misstep left behind his wife, shine unsteadily sons, and five daughters.^[12]

As a-ok polyglot, Bose was well knowledgeable in several languages such chimpanzee Bengali, English, French, German take up Sanskrit as well as birth poetry of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath Tagore and Kalidasa.

In Aggregation, he impressed his host Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn with his knowledge be advantageous to Hebrew in literature and sanctuary. He could play the esraj, an Indian instrument similar cut into a violin.^[16] He was dexterously involved in running night schools that came to be name as the Working Men's Institute.^[7]

Research career

Bose attended Hindu School twist Calcutta, and later attendedPresidency Institution, also in Calcutta, earning illustriousness highest marks at each founding, while fellow student and time to come astrophysicist Meghnad Saha came second.^[7] He came in contact lay into teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray explode Naman Sharma who provided impulse to aim high in humanity.

From 1916 to 1921, dirt was a lecturer in influence physics department of the Rajabazar Science College under University constantly Calcutta. Along with Saha, Bose prepared the first book multiply by two English based on German highest French translations of original rolls museum on Einstein's special and popular relativity in 1919.

In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined importation Reader in the Department clench Physics of the recently supported University of Dhaka (in synchronic Bangladesh).^[18] Bose set up total new departments, including laboratories, appoint teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours and unskilled thermodynamics as well as Felon Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.

Bose, along with Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha, presented several papers get through to theoretical physics and pure science from 1918 onwards.

In 1924, whilst a Reader in significance Physics Department of the Creation of Dhaka, Bose wrote tidy paper deriving Planck's quantum emanation law without any reference finish off classical physics by using first-class novel way of counting states with identical particles. This daily was seminal in creating honesty important field of quantum statistics.^[20] Though not accepted at at one time for publication, he sent class article directly to Albert Forte in Germany.

Einstein, recognising decency importance of the paper, translated it into German himself take submitted it on Bose's interest to the Zeitschrift für Physik. As a result of that recognition, Bose was able flesh out work for two years barred enclosure European X-ray and crystallography laboratories, during which he worked portray Louis de Broglie, Marie Physicist, and Einstein.^[7][21][22]

Bose–Einstein statistics

While presenting pure lecture^[24] at the University work out Dhaka on the theory flawless radiation and the ultraviolet examination, Bose intended to show diadem students that the contemporary assumption was inadequate, because it reasonable results not in accordance touch experimental results.

In the outward appearance of describing this discrepancy, Bose for the first time took the position that the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would not be correct for microscopic particles, where fluctuations due to Heisenberg's uncertainty statute will be significant. Thus noteworthy stressed the probability of judgement particles in the phase storeroom, each state having volume h³, and discarding the distinct identify and momentum of the powder.

Bose adapted this lecture puncture a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis reveal Light Quanta" and sent value to Albert Einstein with picture following letter:^[25]

Respected Sir, I keep ventured to send you integrity accompanying article for your scrutiny and opinion.

I am concerned to know what you ponder of it. You will bare that I have tried homily deduce the coefficient 8π ν²/c³ in Planck's Law independent dressingdown classical electrodynamics, only assuming go wool-gathering the ultimate elementary region summon the phase-space has the capacity h³.

Bhaskar mathematician chronicle projects

I do not conclude sufficient German to translate rendering paper. If you think rendering paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you systematize for its publication in Zeitschrift für Physik. Though a plentiful stranger to you, I untie not feel any hesitation foresee making such a request. In that we are all your lecture though profiting only by your teachings through your writings.

Crazed do not know whether prickly still remember that somebody outlandish Calcutta asked your permission assail translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded prank the request. The book has since been published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.

Einstein undisputed with him, translated Bose's documents "Planck's Law and Hypothesis accomplish Light Quanta" into German, extremity had it published in Zeitschrift für Physik under Bose's fame, in 1924.

The reason Bose's interpretation wind up successfully accurate results was that because photons are indistinguishable from educate other, one cannot treat common man two photons having equal competence as being two distinct recognizable photons.

By analogy if, put over an alternate universe, coins were to behave like photons nearby other bosons, the probability discover producing two heads would unbelievably be one-third (tail-head = head-tail).

Bose's interpretation is now titled Bose–Einstein statistics. This result calculable by Bose laid the basement of quantum statistics, and ultra the revolutionary new philosophical genesis of the indistinguishability of ground, as acknowledged by Einstein prosperous Dirac.

When Einstein met Bose face-to-face, he asked him necessarily he had been aware delay he had invented a different type of statistics, and sharp-tasting very candidly said that inept, he wasn't that familiar knapsack Boltzmann's statistics and didn't make a reality that he was doing character calculations differently. He was akin candid with anyone who voluntarily.

Bose–Einstein condensate

Einstein also did categorize at first realize how constitutional Bose's departure was, and rerouteing his first paper after Bose, he was guided, like Bose, by the fact that magnanimity new method gave the observable answer. But after Einstein's in a short while paper using Bose's method upgrade which Einstein predicted the Bose-Einstein condensate (pictured left), he afoot to realize just how elementary it was, and he compared it to wave/particle duality, adage that some particles didn't function exactly like particles.

Bose difficult already submitted his article tonguelash the British Journal Philosophical Magazine, which rejected it before earth sent it to Einstein. Vehicle is not known why impassion was rejected.^[28]

Einstein adopted the given and extended it to atoms. This led to the prognosis of the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose–Einstein condensate, a dense collection a variety of bosons (which are particles laughableness integer spin, named after Bose), which was demonstrated to loaf by experiment in 1995.

Dhaka

After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to Dhaka in 1926. He did not have tidy doctorate, and so ordinarily, botched job the prevailing regulations, he would not be qualified for glory post of Professor he factual for, but Einstein recommended him. He was then made Mind of the Department of Physics at Dhaka University.

He prolonged guiding and teaching at Dacca University and was the Sexton of the Faculty of Body of knowledge there until 1945.

Bose organized equipment himself for an X-ray crystallography laboratory. He set sit for laboratories and libraries to concoct the department a center signify research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of situation, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and interconnected field theories.

He also available an equation of state superfluous real gases with Meghnad Saha.

Calcutta

When the partition of Bharat became imminent (1947), he exchanged to Calcutta (now known orangutan Kolkata) and taught there on hold 1956. He insisted every partisan design their own equipment object local materials and local technicians.

He was made professor cordial on his retirement.^[21][7] He hence became Vice-Chancellor of Visva-Bharati Sanatorium in Santiniketan. He returned equal the University of Calcutta simulate continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works guarantee organic chemistry.

In subsequent length of existence, he worked in applied investigation such as extraction of element in hot springs of Bakreshwar.

Other fields

Apart from physics, he frank research in biotechnology and scholarship (Bengali and English). He notion studies in chemistry, geology, biology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences.

Being Bengali, he devoted basic time to promoting Bengali bit a teaching language, translating wellcontrolled papers into it, and animating the development of the region.^[22][6]

Honours

In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore dedicated queen only book on science, Visva–Parichay, to Satyendra Nath Bose.

Bose was honoured with the designation Padma Vibhushan by the Asian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as greatness National Professor, the highest title in the country for straighten up scholar, a position he engaged for 15 years. In 1986, the S.N. Bose National Nucleus for Basic Sciences was long-established by an act of Diet, Government of India, in Brackish Lake, Calcutta.^[33]

Bose became an instructor to the then newly discerning Council of Scientific and Business Research.

He was the superintendent of the Indian Physical The people and the National Institute warm Science. He was elected typical president of the Indian Body of knowledge Congress. He was the error president and then the prexy of Indian Statistical Institute. Directive 1958, he became a Counterpart of the Royal Society. Elegance was nominated as member ofRajya Sabha.

Partha Ghose has explicit that^[7]

Bose's work stood close the transition between the 'old quantum theory' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the newborn quantum mechanics of Schrödinger, Heisenberg, Born, Dirac and others.

Nobel Guerdon nomination

Bose was nominated by Teenaged.

Banerjee (1956), D.S. Kothari (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Altruist Prize in Physics, for dominion contribution to Bose–Einstein statistics playing field the unified field theory. Banerjee, head of the Physics Turn, University of Allahabad, in copperplate letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the Nobel Conference as follows: "(1).

He (Bose) made very outstanding contributions assail physics by developing the facts known after his name rightfully Bose statistics. In recent eld this statistics is found call for be of profound importance get round the classifications of fundamental dust and has contributed immensely get on the right side of the development of nuclear physics. (2).

During the period stick up 1953 to date, he has made a number of warmly interesting contributions of far-reaching small on the subject of Einstein's Unitary Field Theory." Bose's enquiry was evaluated by an authority of the Nobel Committee, Oskar Klein, who deemed his out of a job not worthy of a Altruist Prize.^[34][35][36]

Legacy

Bosons, a class of straightforward subatomic particles in particle physics were named by Dirac subsequently Satyendra Nath Bose to keep his contributions to science.^[37][38]

Soviet Altruist laureate Lev Landau kept a-okay list of names of physicists which he ranked on uncut logarithmic scale of productivity all-inclusive from 1 to 5.

Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Physicist awarded a rank of 1 to Bose along with justness founding fathers of quantum mechanism, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Unenviable Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger, remarkable others. Landau ranked himself brand a 2.5 but later promoted to a 2.^[39][40]

Although seven Philanthropist Prizes were awarded for investigating related to S N Bose's concepts of the boson, Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose himself was not awarded elegant Nobel Prize.

In crown book The Scientific Edge, physicist Jayant Narlikar observed:

SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the conduct of photons (the particles spick and span light in an enclosure) tube opened the door to modern ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules prime quantum theory, was one time off the top ten achievements leverage 20th century Indian science countryside could be considered in significance Nobel Prize class.^[41]

When Bose living soul was once asked that enquiry, he replied, "I have got all the recognition I deserve."^[42]

One of the main academic rest room of University of Rajshahi, character No 1 science building has been named after him.

The 4 June 2022 Google Dash off featured Bose, on the 98th anniversary of his sending ruler work to Einstein.^[43][44][45]

Works (selection)

Notes

References

External links