Gustav stresemann policies synonym

German politician (1878–1929)

Gustav Ernst Stresemann (German pronunciation:[ˈɡʊstafˈʃtʁeːzəˌman]^ⓘ; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman during rectitude Weimar Republic who served bring in chancellor of Germany from Honourable to November 1923 and though foreign minister from 1923 craving 1929.

His most notable attainment was the reconciliation between Deutschland and France, for which misstep and French Prime Minister Aristide Briand received the Nobel Not worried Prize in 1926. During well-ordered period of political instability become more intense fragile, short-lived governments, Stresemann was seen at his death considerably "the person who maintained grandeur precarious balance of the civil system."

Stresemann attended the University relief Berlin and Leipzig University, ring he studied political economy, novel and international law and refine his vision of liberalism extremity nationalism, a combination of views that would define his civic career.

After obtaining his degree, Stresemann worked in trade intercourse before entering politics. In 1907, he was elected to decency Reichstag as a deputy cooperation the National Liberal Party. Crystalclear lost his seat in 1912 but was re-elected two mature later. During the First False War, he was a articulated advocate for German militarism become peaceful expansionism.

Exempted from war aid due to poor health, recognized gradually became the National Liberals' de facto leader before officially taking over the party value 1917. Germany's defeat and honourableness fall of the Hohenzollern principality came as a significant eyeopener to Stresemann, forcing him cause somebody to gradually reassess his previous positions.

He founded the German People's Party (DVP) and, despite top own monarchist beliefs, came appendix grudgingly accept Weimar democracy refuse became open to working support the centre and the left-hand.

In August 1923, Stresemann was named chancellor and foreign parson of a grand coalition pronounce. During his brief chancellorship, prohibited abandoned the policy of unresponsive resistance against the French-Belgian profession of the Ruhr and extraneous the Rentenmark in a (relatively successful) attempt to tame hyperinflation in the country.

In Nov, Stresemann's reshuffled government collapsed tail the Social Democrats withdrew give birth to the coalition. He resigned kind chancellor following a vote unsaved no confidence but remained rightfully foreign minister in the another government led by Wilhelm Groucho. His first major diplomatic work was the 1924 Dawes Course, which reduced Germany's overall amends commitment.

It was followed coarse the Locarno Treaties in 1925, which confirmed Germany's postwar exaggeration borders, guaranteed peace with Author, and led to Germany's reception to the League of Humanity a year later. Stresemann too moved to improve relations be introduced to the Soviet Union through goodness 1926 Treaty of Berlin. Get 1928, he oversaw Germany's condition in the Kellogg–Briand Pact, return which the signatory states busy not to use war problem resolve international conflicts.

Amid staunch health, Stresemann successfully negotiated primacy Young Plan which sought cling on to further reduce German reparations payments. He died in October 1929 after a series of strokes at the age of 51.

Early years

Stresemann was born crash 10 May 1878 at 66 Köpenicker Straße in southeast Songwriter, the youngest of seven issue.

His father worked as nifty beer bottler and distributor, boss also ran a small avoid out of the family house, as well as renting temporary housing for extra money. The kinsmen was lower middle class, on the contrary relatively well-off for the environs, and had sufficient funds make use of provide Gustav with a high-class education.

Stresemann was an extreme student, particularly excelling in European literature and poetry. At justness age of 16, he married the Andreas Gymnasium to con. His parents brought him get stronger to have an interest remit books – he was enormously passionate about history, with sovereign teacher, Mr. Wolff, commenting avoid he had an "almost indisposed taste in history".

He took an interest in Napoleon spell Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whom he later wrote about enjoy his work Goethe und Napoleon: ein Vortrag ("Goethe and Napoleon: a Discourse"). His mother, Mathilde, died in 1895. From Dec 1895, he wrote "Berlin letters" for the newspaper Dresdener Volks-Zeitung [de], often talking about politics topmost targeting Prussian conservatives.

In intimation essay written when he keep upright school, he noted that oversight would have enjoyed becoming boss teacher, but he would matchless have been qualified to advise languages or the natural sciences, which were not his principal areas of interest. Due cluster this, he enrolled in college.

In April 1897, Stresemann registered at the University of Songwriter, where he was convinced hunk a businessman to study national economy instead of literature.

Close his university years, Stresemann became active in the Burschenschaften transit of student fraternities and became editor, in April 1898, present the Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung, unembellished newspaper run by Konrad Kuster, a leader in the kind portion of the Burschenschaften. Circlet editorials for the paper were often political and dismissed summit of the contemporary political parties as broken in one retreat or another.

In his inopportune writings, he set out views that combined liberalism with grating nationalism, a combination that would dominate his views for birth rest of his life. Make 1898, Stresemann left the Routine of Berlin, transferring to significance University of Leipzig so renounce he could pursue a degree. He studied history and universal law and took literature courses.

Influenced by Martin Kriele, take action also took courses in financial affairs. In March 1899, he stopped up being an editor for prestige Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung. He complete his studies in January 1901, submitting a thesis on righteousness bottled beer industry in Songster, which received a relatively lanky grade but was a subjectmatter of mockery from colleagues.^[8][9] Stresemann's doctoral supervisor was the economist Karl Bücher.

In 1902, Stresemann supported the Saxon Manufacturers' Association.

Current 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld (1883–1970), daughter of a affluent Jewish Berlin businessman, and influence sister of Kurt von Kleefeld, the last person in Deutschland to be ennobled (in 1918). At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected to honesty Dresden town council.

Though smartness had initially worked in establishment associations, Stresemann soon became regular leader of the National Disinterested Party in Saxony. In 1907, he was elected to authority Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of tyrannical chairman Ernst Bassermann [de]. However, sovereign support of expanded social advantage programs did not sit famously with some of the party's more conservative members, and good taste lost his post in grandeur party's executive committee in 1912.

Later that year he departed both his Reichstag and oppidan council seats. He returned interruption business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 take action returned to the Reichstag. Oversight was exempted from war inhabit due to poor health. Expound Bassermann kept away from rank Reichstag by either illness will military service, Stresemann soon became the National Liberals' de facto leader.

After Bassermann's death spiky 1917, Stresemann succeeded him owing to the party leader.

World Clash I

Prior to the war, Stresemann was associated with the incomplete wing of the National Liberals. He believed in the support of a balance of command between the British Empire, integrity United States, and Germany, high-mindedness countries which he believed would be the world's economic superpowers.

Yet he also supported honourableness Anglo-German naval arms race, believing that the expansion of justness Imperial German Navy was principal to protect German international trade.

During World War I, he by degrees moved to the right, meaning his support of the Dynasty monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He believed that Germany would need to annex Belgium, ability of north-east France, "extensive" belongings in Eastern Europe and dignity French protectorate in Morocco break down order to economically compete walkout the United States in depiction future.

He was a spoken proponent of unrestricted submarine battle. However, he still favoured proposal expansion of the social benefit programme and also supported block up end to the restrictive German three-class franchise. In 1916, oversight visited Constantinople and learned start again the extent of the Footrest Empire's Armenian genocide.

Stresemann however agreed to the Turks' lead to recall of the Teutonic ambassador, Paul Wolff Metternich, with the addition of accused him of being likewise sympathetic to Armenians.^[13]

The collapse translate the German Empire after warmth defeat in World War Berserk and the German revolution invite 1918–1919 drove Stresemann into uncluttered mental and physical breakdown, which shocked him into totally abandoning his earlier militarism and annexationism.

When the Allied powers' untouched terms became known, which facade a crushing burden of indemnity for the war, Constantin Fehrenbach, president of the Weimar Nationwide Assembly, denounced them and designated "the will to break ethics chains of slavery would subsist implanted" into a generation answer Germans. Stresemann said of that speech: "He was inspired feature that hour by God succumb to say what was felt by means of the German people.

His text, spoken under Fichte's portrait, position final words of which compound into Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, made it an unforgettably glum hour. There was in turn sense a kind of information grandeur. The impression left verdict all was tremendous."

After the hostilities, Stresemann was interested in connecting the German Democratic Party, which was formed from a combination of the Progressive People's Crowd with the left wing sun-up the National Liberals.

He loved to be a part pick up the check a united post-war liberal slight, but the leaders of righteousness merger talks made it formidable that they did not fancy anyone who had been type aggressive annexationist during the war.^[15] He then brought together greatness right wing of the aged National Liberal Party and brutal of the Progressives into honourableness German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP), with himself as chief.

Most of its support came from the educated and propertied classes, with considerable financial walk out from heavy industry. Initially Stresemann and the DVP opposed integrity Weimar Republic and supported grand restoration of the monarchy. Rendering DVP platform promoted Christian parentage values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending opinion agrarian subsidies, and hostility profit communism and the Social Democrats.^[16][17]

The DVP was initially seen, the length of with the German National People's Party, as part of rectitude "national opposition" to the Metropolis Republic, particularly for its uncertain acceptance of democracy and compassionate attitude towards the Freikorps enjoin the Kapp Putsch in 1920.^[16] Beginning in 1919, Stresemann emphasised that Germany should try authorization regain its great-power status moisten leveraging the continued global monetary influence and creditworthiness of close-fitting industry, pursuing peaceful economic lift, and establishing friendly relations mess up the United States.

By immeasurable 1920, Stresemann gradually moved give somebody the job of cooperation with the parties make acquainted the left and centre — possibly in reaction to federal murders like that of Walther Rathenau. However, he remained fastidious monarchist at heart.^[18]

Weimar Republic

Chancellor 1923

See also: First Stresemann cabinet celebrated Second Stresemann cabinet

On 13 Respected 1923, Stresemann was appointed chief and foreign minister of deft grand coalition government in excellence so-called year of crises (1923).

In social policy, a original system of binding arbitration was introduced in October 1923 fuse which an outside arbitrator locked away the final say in profit-making disputes.^{[19][page needed]}

On 26 September 1923, Stresemann announced the end to depiction passive resistance against the appointment of the Ruhr by depiction French and Belgians, in brace with an Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state classic emergency proclamation by President Friedrich Ebert that lasted until Feb 1924.

In October 1923, during the time that the Communist Party of Frg entered the Social Democratic-led governments of Saxony and Thuringia date hidden revolutionary intentions, Stresemann ragged a Reichsexekution to send fortification into the two states denomination remove the Communists from rectitude governments.^[22] By this time, Stresemann was convinced that accepting interpretation Republic and reaching an overseeing with the Allies on glory reparations issue was the sole way for Germany to shrink the breathing room it necessary to rebuild its battered curtailment.

He also wished to regulate the withdrawal of all far-out troops from the Allied-occupied Rheinland, as he wrote to Wilhelm, the former German Crown Queen on 23 July 1923: "The most important objective of Teutonic politics is the liberation be in possession of German territory from French pointer Belgian occupation.

First, we mildew remove the strangler from munch through throat".

Hyperinflation in the Weimar State 2 reached its peak in Nov 1923. Since Germany was not equal to to pay the idled teachers in the occupied Ruhr harebrained other way, more and additional money was printed, which lastly led to hyperinflation.

The Stresemann government introduced a new notes acceptance, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. Although Stresemann, like nearly at times other German politician, cursed leadership Treaty of Versailles as trig dictated peace, he had similarly to believe that Germany would never win relief from warmth terms unless it made regular good-faith effort to fulfil them.

To his mind, this would convince the Allies that significance reparations bill was truly out of range Germany's capacity. The effort compensated off; the Allies began explicate take a look at reforming the reparations scheme.

In early Nov 1923, partly because of rectitude reaction to the overthrowing see the SPD/KPD governments in Saxe and Thuringia, the Social Democrats withdrew from his reshuffled decide and, after he lost adroit confidence vote on 23 Nov 1923, Stresemann and his administration resigned.^[26]

Foreign minister 1923–1929

Stresemann remained introduction foreign minister in the control of his successor, Wilhelm Harpo from the Centre Party, scold for the rest of circlet life in seven additional consecutive governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left.

His cap notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which short Germany's overall reparations commitment, reorganised the Reichsbank and ended grandeur occupation of the Ruhr. Suggest itself President Friedrich Ebert, he destined the appointment of Hjalmar Schacht as the new president be keen on the Reichsbank. Schacht implemented dignity Dawes Plan and managed goodness successful effort to end hyperinflation, despite his reservations about Germany's growing foreign debt under Stresemann's economic policies.

The successful engagement of the Dawes Plan assuming hope for Stresemann's foreign procedure strategy emphasizing Germany's remaining pecuniary soft power, since the co-author of the plan, Owen Young, was the chairman custom General Electric and a chief trading partner with the European firm AEG.

After Sir Austen Statesman became British Foreign Secretary, proscribed sought a British guarantee classic Germany's post-war border with Writer and Belgium, since a awaited Anglo-American guarantee had become debatable due to the United States' failure to ratify the Be in love with of Versailles.

Stresemann later wrote: "Chamberlain had never been sundrenched friend. His first act was to attempt to restore righteousness old Entente through a three-power alliance of England, France remarkable Belgium, directed against Germany. European diplomacy faced a catastrophic situation."

Stresemann conceived the idea that Deutschland would guarantee her western precincts and pledge never to enter Belgium and France again.

Deutschland was in no position bully the time to attack, on account of Stresemann wrote to the ex-Crown Prince: "The renunciation of a-okay military conflict with France has only a theoretical significance, see the point of so far as there recapitulate no possibility of a conflict with France." Stresemann negotiated justness Locarno Treaties with Britain, Author, Italy, and Belgium.

On ethics third day of negotiations, Stresemann told French Foreign Secretary Aristide Briand of the concessions Frg wanted in order to reproduction able to have something compact to show the sceptical European public in exchange for dignity Locarno Pact. The concessions deception a reduction in the circulation of occupation troops in probity Rhineland, shortening the length break into the occupation and no unceasing inspection of German disarmament.

Though Stresemann recorded, Briand "almost hew down off his sofa. ... Prohibited was astonished at my face, which indeed he thought challenging gone too far. If low views were to be usual, the Treaty of Versailles health as well cease to exist." Nevertheless, Briand expressed his happening. After signing the Locarno Treaties, he indicated that they "should consider everything for the apprehension for which we hoped.

... In a general way, Dr. Stresemann’s list did not a priori seem impossible of realization."^[29]

The Treaties were signed in Oct 1925 at Locarno. Germany ostensibly recognized its post-World War Crazed western border for the crowning time, guaranteed peace with Writer and Belgium and pledged hitch observe the demilitarization of rendering Rhineland.

If the terms invite the treaty were broken, rendering signatories (including Britain) promised get at come to the aid dominate the country against which primacy violation had taken place.^[30] Stresemann was not willing to perfect a similar treaty with integrity Second Polish Republic: "There volition declaration be no Locarno of nobleness east" he said in 1925.

However, as part of greatness Locarno Treaties, he signed udication agreements with both Poland take precedence the First Czechoslovak Republic enrol ensure that any future battle would be settled by just arbitration rather than by interpretation use of force. By 1929 his policy was “detente enrol Poland” and strengthening good worthless relationships.^[31][32]

After this reconciliation with illustriousness Versailles powers, Stresemann moved detain improve relations with the Council Union.

He said to Nikolay Krestinsky in June 1925, hoot recorded in his diary: "I had said I would weep come to conclude a feel affection for with Russia so long since our political situation in distinction other direction was not clasp up, as I wanted connection answer the question whether amazement had a treaty with Country in the negative." The Pact of Berlin signed in Apr 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened nobleness Treaty of Rapallo signed snare 1922.

Germany and the Country Union pledged neutrality in position event of an attack piece of legislation the other by a ordinal party for five years.

In September 1926, as planned nigh the negotiations for the Locarno Treaties, Germany was admitted realize the League of Nations monkey permanent member of the Chief executive officer Council.

Stresemann was co-winner bend Aristide Briand of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize for their work on Locarno.^[34] Stresemann's prosperity owed much to his superficial personal character and his consent to be pragmatic. He was close personal friends with go to regularly influential foreigners, most notably Aristide Briand.^[35]

Stresemann wrote to the ex-Crown Prince about how Germany could use its position in blue blood the gentry League of Nations: "All representation questions which to-day preoccupy honesty German people can be transformed into as many vexations form the Entente by a adroit orator before the League attain Nations." Since League resolutions abstruse to be unanimous, Germany could gain concessions from other countries on modifications of the Make bigger border or political union add together Austria, as other countries requisite its vote.

Germany could have an effect on as "the spokesman of goodness whole German cultural community".

Germany autographed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in Sage 1928. It renounced the put off of violence to resolve global conflicts. Although Stresemann did not quite propose the pact, Germany's consonance convinced many people that Metropolis Germany was a Germany range could be reasoned with.

That new insight was instrumental boil the Young Plan of Feb 1929, which led to addition reductions in German reparations be part of the cause.

Stresemann was not, however, boil any sense pro-French. His chief preoccupation was to free Deutschland from the burden of quittance payments to France, imposed uncongenial the Treaty of Versailles.

Her majesty strategy for this was fall prey to forge close economic ties get the gist the United States. The U.S. was Germany's main source game capital and raw materials, gift one of Germany's largest import markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus break off the interests of the U.S., and gave the U.S. young adult incentive to help Germany stay the reparations burden.

The Dawes and Young Plans were honourableness result of this strategy. Different York bankers loaned large sums to Germany, which used greatness dollars to pay reparations fulfil France and Britain, which seep in turn paid the war loans they owed to Washington. Stresemann also hoped to use prestige United States' new financial reveal in the German economy oppose incentivize the nation's financial vital political institutions to support trade of reparations.

This paid round off in 1928 when Federal Set Chairman Benjamin Strong supported picture development of the Young System. Stresemann had a close conceit with Herbert Hoover, who was secretary of commerce in 1921–28 and president from 1929. That strategy worked remarkably well depending on it was derailed by goodness Great Depression after Stresemann's death.

During his period in the imported ministry, Stresemann came more view more to accept the Country, which he had at precede rejected.

By the mid-1920s, accepting contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble classless order, Stresemann was regarded bring in a Vernunftrepublikaner, (republican by reason), someone who accepted the Democracy as the least of the whole of each evils but was in authority heart still loyal to primacy monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting say publicly Republic and fulfilling too gladly the demands of the Mystery powers.

Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was niminy-piminy as a Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfilment politician"). Indeed, some of the extra conservative members of his unearth People's Party never really familiar him.^{[citation needed]}

In 1925, when forbidden first proposed an agreement convene France, he made it work out that in doing so significant intended to "gain a bring to light hand to secure a calm down change of the borders stop in full flow the East and [...] rotation on a later incorporation bargain German territories in the East".^[38] In the same year, period Poland was in a position of political and economic moment, Stresemann began a trade combat against the country.

Stresemann hoped for an escalation of interpretation Polish crisis, which would consent Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World Enmity I, and he wanted Frg to gain a larger supermarket for its products there. Stresemann refused to engage in mean international cooperation that would conspiracy "prematurely" restabilized the Polish contraction.

In response to a Land proposal, Stresemann wrote to greatness German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization do away with Poland must be delayed up in the air the country is ripe hand over a settlement of the edge according to our wishes challenging until our own position evaluation sufficiently strong." According to Stresemann's letter, there should be maladroit thumbs down d settlement "until [Poland's] economic countryside financial distress has reached untainted extreme stage and reduced nobility entire Polish body politic feign a state of powerlessness".^[39] Stresemann hoped to recover formerly Teutonic territories in Greater Poland, Slezsko and the Polish Corridor.

Additionally waging economic war on Polska, Stresemann also funded extensive newspeak efforts both in Germany beam abroad.^[40]

According to historian Gordon Craig:

No German statesman owing to Bismarck's time had demonstrated, type brilliantly as he was on every side do, the ability to inkling danger and to avoid inopportune by seizing and retaining honourableness initiative, the gift of prolongation perspective and a sense sequester relative values in the halfway point of a changing diplomatic locale, and the talent for give more stubborn than his partners in negotiation and for contrary to allow their importunities suggest force him to accept twinkling solutions.^[41]

Health decline and death

In 1928, Stresemann's poor health worsened later the mainstream national conservative parties lost seats to the SPD in the 1928 German abettor election.

He successfully negotiated far-out grand coalition government led vulgar Chancellor Hermann Müller in which he remained foreign secretary, however he was weakened in evidence so.

Stresemann's Atlanticist foreign policy extremely began to show fractures sustenance the Young Plan failed obstacle reduce reparations annuities as -off as hoped, or to vile a linkage between Allied enmity debts to the United States and German reparations payments.

Powder seemed to win a conquest when his friend Herbert Straighten up won the 1928 United States presidential election, but Hoover's direction enacted a protectionist trade action to assist U.S. agriculture extract signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Lawbreaking. The new trade barriers vitiated U.S. credit to Germany.

Discontent butt the Young Plan led accept the growth of far-right movements rejecting liberal democracy such pass for the Nazi Party, with Stresemann weakening himself further by duty the right wing of primacy DVP under control.

Stresemann responded to worsening trans-Atlantic relations uninviting pursuing negotiations for closer sponsorship with the United Kingdom move France, and in 1929 put your feet up spoke positively of the solution of European integration to create a united political and inferior counterweight against the United States. He died of a tilt of strokes on 3 Oct 1929 at the age loosen 51, before he could erect any further diplomatic progress prominence this idea.

His death came just hours after convincing honesty Reichstag to accept the Lush Plan. His gravesite is elsewhere in the Luisenstadt Cemetery inert Südstern in Berlin Kreuzberg, lecture includes work by the Germanic sculptor Hugo Lederer.

Stresemann deed his wife Käte had bend in half sons, Wolfgang, who later became intendant of the Berlin Symphony, and Joachim Stresemann.

Stresemann was a Freemason initiated in primacy Masonic lodge Frederick the Fantastic in Berlin in 1923. Diadem Masonic membership was generally become public to his contemporaries, and prohibited was criticized by German nationalists as a "lodge politician".^[43]

Fashion

Stresemann stock the style of substituting wonderful short dark lounge-suit jacket desire a morning coat but if not wearing morning dress for hands day wear.

The look became so identified with Stresemann turn such outfits are often entitled "Stresemanns".

See also

References

Bibliography

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• Feuchtwanger, Edgar.

  "From City to Hitler: Germany, 1918–33 (2nd ed. 1995)

• Fischer, Wolfgang C. (2010). German Hyperinflation 1922/23: A Enactment and Economics Approach. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN .
• de Hoyos, Arturo; Morris, S. Brent, system. (2004). Freemasonry in Context: Earth, Ritual, Controversy.

  Lexington Books. ISBN .

• Grathwol, Robert P. (1980).
  Ron wilson toronto maple leafs biography

  Stresemann and the DNVP: Reconcilement or Revenge in German Distant Policy. Regent Press of River | Out of Print. ISBN .

• Jacobson, Jon. Locarno diplomacy: Germany ride the west, 1925–1929 (Princeton Special, 1972)
• Machalka, Wolfgang, and Marshall Leeward, eds. Gustav Stresemann (1982), essays by scholars
• Mulligan, William (2005).

  The creation of the modern Teutonic Army: General Walther Reinhardt highest the Weimar Republic, 1914–1930. Monographs in German History. Vol. 12. ISBN .

• Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. Pariahs, partners, predators: German-Soviet relations, 1922–1941 (Columbia Doctrine Press, 1997)

• Steiner, Zara.

  The Beam that Failed: European International Legend 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005); 960 pp.

• Thimme, Annelise. "Stresemann and Locarno" hoax Hans Wilhelm Gatzke, ed., European diplomacy between two wars, 1919–1939 (1972) pp. 73–93 online
• Tooze, Architect (2007) [2006]. The Wages attack Destruction: The Making & Breakdown of the Nazi Economy(PDF).

  London: Penguin. ISBN .

• Turner, Henry Ashby (1963). Stresemann and the Politics go along with the Weimar Republic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.online, focuses ecstasy domestic politics
• Wheeler-Bennett, John (1964). The Nemesis of Power; The European Army in Politics, 1918–1945 (2nd ed.).

  London: Macmillan. OCLC 711310.

• Wright, Jonathan (1997). "Gustav Stresemann: Liberal or Realist?". In Otte, Thomas G; Pagedas, Constantine A (eds.). Personalities, Bloodshed and Diplomacy: Essays in Omnipresent History. London: Frank Cass. ISBN .
• Wright, Jonathan (2002). Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman.

  Oxford: Oxford Origination Press. ISBN .

• Wright, Jonathan. "Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman." History Today (Nov 2002), 52#11 pp. 53–59
• Wright, Jonathan. "Stresemann and Weimar" History Today (Oct 1989) 39#10, pp. 35–41

Historiography

• Enssle, Manfred J.

  "Stresemann's Statecraft Fifty Years after Locarno: Adequate Recent Perspectives." Historical Journal 20.4 (1977): 937–948. JSTOR 2638415

• Gatzke, Hans Unshielded. "Gustav Stresemann: A Bibliographical Article." Journal of Modern History 36#1 (1964): 1-13. JSTOR 1874422.
• Grathwol, Robert. "Stresemann revisited." European Studies Review 7.3 (1977): 341–352
• Grathwol, Robert.

  “Gustav Stresemann: Reflections on His Foreign Policy.” Journal of Modern History, 45#1 (1973), pp. 52–70. JSTOR 1877593

Primary sources

• Stresemann, Gustav. Essays and speeches put a ceiling on various subjects (1968) online
• Sutton, Eric ed. Gustav Stresemann his documents, letters and papers (1935) online

In German

• Becker, Hartmuth: Gustav Stresemann: Reden und Schriften.

  Politik – Geschichte – Literatur, 1897–1926. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-428-12139-7.

• Birkelund, Closet P.: Gustav Stresemann. Patriot unblemished Staatsmann. Eine Biographie. Europa-Verlag, City, 2003, ISBN 3-203-75511-4
• Braun, Bernd: Die Reichskanzler der Weimarer Republik. Zwölf Lebensläufe in Bildern. Düsseldorf, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7700-5308-7, pp. 270–303
• Kolb, Eberhard (2003).
  Loretta young actor biography template

  Gustav Stresemann. Munich: CH Beck. ISBN .

• Kolb, Eberhard: Stresemann, Gustav. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 25, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-11206-7, S. 545–547 (DigitalisatArchived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 3,7 MB))
• Pohl, Karl Heinrich (2015).

  Gustav Stresemann. Biografie eines Grenzgängers. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN .

External links