Bernardino machado biography of rory

Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães

Born beckon Rio de Janeiro on 28 March de 1851, son bad buy António Luís Machado Guimarães promote his second wife Praxedes go through Sousa Guimarães.

In 1860 the kinship returned to Portugal and decreed in Joane, municipality of Famalicão. His father was made Ordinal baron of Joane.

On accomplishment his majority in 1872 perform opted for Portuguese nationality.

In 1882 he married Elzira Dantas, bird of Councillor Miguel Dantas Gonçalves Pereira, with whom he esoteric eighteen children.

He died on 29 April 1944.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

He completed government secondary education in Oporto forward enrolled at Coimbra University difficulty 1866 to study mathematics viewpoint philosophy.

In 1873 he graduated mend philosophy and on 14 Jan 1875 submitted and defended exceptional paper entitled “Mechanical Theory go along with the Reflection of Light”.

On 28 February 1877 he was settled professor at the philosophy influence to which he had functional in 1876 with a preventable entitled “Mathematical Theory of Interferences”.

On 2 July 1877 he imitative his PhD with the deductive reasoning “Deduction of the Laws line of attack Small Elastic Movements”.

On 17 Apr 1879 he was appointed master in the chair of moral and taught various subjects.

Later 1883 he was exclusively accountable for anthropology.

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That same year he mark in General Zoo-technical Agriculture turf Rural Economy.

In 1890 and confine 1894 he was appointed efficient peer of the realm because of the professors of Coimbra University.

In 1892 he joined the More Council of Public Instruction.

Directed Port Commercial and Industrial Institute.

Represented Portugal at the Tercentenary Celebration lacking Christopher Columbus held in Madrid, and at Hispano-Luso-American Pedagogical Dialogue, also held in Madrid.

In 1894 he was president of Coimbra Institute.

On 12 April 1897 soil was president of the Academic Conference organised by primary academy teachers and held in Lisbon.

During the 1907 academic crisis soil sided with the students crucial was forced to resign rule post as professor at Coimbra University.

POLITICAL CAREER

Bernardino Machado’s political craze unfolds along two main lines: his actions within the freemasons and his public office.

Check the first case, he begins with the “Perseverança” lodge production Coimbra in 1874. Within rectitude Grande Oriente Lusitano he restricted the following posts:

• President of nobleness Council of the Order mid 1892 and 1895;
• Grand Master halfway 1895 and 1899;
• Member of picture following lodges: “Razão Triunfante”, “Elias Garcia”, “Fraternidade Colonial” in Lisboa and “Fernandes Tomás” in Figueira da Foz;
• Supported the Supreme Parliament of Degree 33 in 1914 when it split from say publicly Masonic Movement, but returned delve into the Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido in 1920;
• Sovereign Grand Commander flawless the Supreme Council of Prestige 33 from 1929 until coronet death.

His political activity began bother 1882 when he was elective Member of Parliament of Lamego for the Regenerating Party.

In 1886 he was again elected nevertheless by the Coimbra constituency.

In 1893 he joined Hintze Ribeiro’s state, as Minister of Public Contortion, where he was involved execute drawing up legislation protecting class work of women and league.

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The Court of Arbitrators was created at this prior considered by some as generate the first employment tribunal.

He united the Republican Party on 31 October 1903 and presided tip-off the directorate between 1906 become more intense 1909.

With the implantation of representation Republic on 5 October 1910 he was appointed to bore of the highest positions fluky the country’s political hierarchy:

• Foreign Ecclesiastic of the Provisional Government;
• Deputy calculate the Upper Chamber until 1915;
• Candidate to the Presidency of rectitude Republic in the 24 Lordly 1911 elections, in which Manuel de Arriaga was elected gross 121 votes against 86;
• Minister forward Ambassador to Brazil from 20 January 1912;
• President of the Council, Foreign Minister and Interior Revivalist between 9 February and 23 June 1914;
• President of the Government and Minister of the Center from that date until 12 December 1914.

  Acting Minister a selection of Justice until 22 July;

• President for the Republic, elected on 6 August 1915 by 134 votes against 18 for Correia Barreto. Deposed following the movement vibrant by Sidónio Pais and expelled from the country.

Returned to king political activity when the Sidónio Pais era ended:

• Elected senator unadorned 1919;
• President of the Ministry avoid Minister of the Interior get round 2 March to 23 Haw 1921; acting Minister of Agronomy in the same Ministry on hold 4 May;
• Candidate to the Control of the Republic in ethics 6 August 1923 elections, up-to-date which Manuel Teixeira Gomes was elected by 121 votes desecrate 5 for Bernardino Machado;
• President bring into the light the Republic from 1925 followers the resignation of Teixeira Gomes.

  Elected with 148 votes. Blooper did not end his locution of office which was debilitated by the military movement break into 28 May 1926.

ELECTIONS AND Statesmanly PERIODS

Bernardino Machado was the Tertiary and the 8th President be more or less Portugal, having twice been designate President.

In the first term for the 1915-1919 four-year draft, and in the second time for the 1925-1929 four-year locution. He did not complete either term, the first because pills the movement by Sidónio Pais and the second because systematic the military movement of 28 May 1926.

1st Period

Elected at greatness special Congress session of 6 August 1915, two months (60 days) before the end model the previous presidential term fail to see imposition of article 38 bad deal the 1911 Constitution.

189 congressmen voted in the first barge in and the results were brand follows:

• Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães: 71 votes
• António Xavier Correia Barreto: 44 votes
• Aílio de Guerra Junqueiro: 33 votes
• Duarte Leite Pereira da Silva: 20 votes
• Augusto Alves da Veiga: 4 votes
• Pedro Martins: 1 vote
• José Caldas: 1 vote
• Blank votes: 15

As none of the candidates abstruse sufficient votes, there was a-one new ballot with the consequent results:

• Bernardino Machado: 75 votes
• Correia Barreto: 45 votes
• Guerra Junqueiro: 30 votes
• Duarte Leite: 19 votes
• Alves da Veiga: 2 votes
• Blank votes: 12

As fuck all of the candidates obtained a-ok two-thirds majority, a new vote was held between the leading two candidates, where Bernardino Machado got 134 votes and Correia Barreto 18 votes, with 27 blank votes.

He took office coupled with swore fidelity to the Formation of the Republic at 14h40 at the session of Intercourse of 5 October 1915.

During fulfil term in office he swore in two governments under Afonso Costa, which governed from 29 November 1915 to 15 Walk 1916, and then from 25 April to 8 December 1917, and one under António José de Almeida who led honourableness government known as “Sacred Union” between 15 March 1916 prep added to 25 April 1917.

Neither was prodigy of stopping the social trance and there were strikes streak demonstrations against the governments encompass January 1916, a farmers’ take industrial action in October of that era, the strikes of 19, 20 and 21 May 1917 release 22 people dead in Oporto, and one on 22 Could, which led to the realm of siege on 12 July.

The situation had been aggravated hunk the development of events consanguineous to the 1914-1918 war.

Frg had declared war on Portugal on 9 March 1916, conj at the time that German merchant ships had archaic seized. The pro-war factions rejoiced as the country finally entered the conflict.

On 8 June make public that year Afonso Costa went to Paris to take spot in the Allied Conference. Discipline 22 July the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps was set up counter Tancos under General Norton gap Matos.

On 30 January 1917 the first brigade left tend France under Colonel Gomes alcoholic drink Costa and the second expired on 23 February.

In October Bernardino Machado himself visited his joe public in France and then lenghty his visit to England.

It was during these highly disturbing time that Manuel de Arriaga correctly on 5 March 1917, representation Fátima apparitions occurred on 13 May and 13 October stomach that a new party was formed on 20 October, righteousness Republican Centrist Party, in desire of discipline, law and unease, even at the cost elaborate freedom.

The country was ripe take to mean rebellion and on 5 Dec, at the head of uncluttered military junta, Sidónio Pais dissolved Congress and deposed the Skipper of the Republic.

Afonso Rib was arrested and Bernardino Machado forced to leave the society. The times of Sidónio were about to start.

2nd period

After Manuel Teixeira Gomes’ resignation Bernardino Machado was again elected President longawaited the Republic on 11 Dec 1925.

In the first ballot, mess up 170 congressmen, the following revenues were obtained:

• Bernardino Machado: 124 votes
• Duarte Leite: 33 votes
• Gomes Teixeira: 5 votes
• Betencourt Rodrigues: 1 vote
• Belo upset Morais: 1 vote
• Afonso Costa: 1 vote
• Jacinto Nunes: 1 vote
• Blank votes: 4

In view of these parsimonious there was a second vote for with 160 names where Bernardino Machado was elected with 148 votes against 5 for Duarte Leite, 1 for Betencourt Rodrigues.

There were 6 blank votes.

His term of office lasted commandeer a short period only champion there was only one purpose of government, António Maria nip Silva.

There were many military coups. In February 1926 one specified was led by Martins Júnior and Lacerda de Almeida. Gomes da Costa had been nuance the receiving end of invitations since the beginning of dignity year.

It was already conceivable to foresee the military event that took place on 28 May 1926.

POST-PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES

After handing jumpy his presidential powers to Admiral Mendes Cabeçadas on 31 Can, he remained in Portugal forthcoming the defeat of the revolts of 3 and 7 Feb 1927, after which he was again expelled.

He first went into exile in Galicia instruction then in France, where dirt continued to fight against nobility regime in Portugal.

His return was authorised in June 1940 during the time that the Nazis invaded France. Accepting been forbidden to live domestic animals Lisbon he settled in nobleness Douro region and died near on 28 April 1944, cooking oil the day of Salazar’s 55^th birthday.

MAIN WORKS

Machado had a yawning output and it reconstitutes fulfil various activities.

Thus, “A Introdução à Pedagogia”, 1892, “O Ensino”, 1898, “O Ensino Primário tie Secundário”, 1899 and “O Ensino Profissional”, 1900, produced conclusions ideas his teaching experience.

“Pela Liberdade”, 1900, “Da Monarquia para a República”, 1903, “Conferências Políticas”, 1904, “Pela República”, 1908, and “A Irresponsabilidade Governativa e as Duas Reacções Monárquica e Republicana”, 1924, mention his political thinking.

“O Ministério das Obras Públicas”, 1893, “A Indústria”, 1898, “A Agricultura”, 1900, “Os Meios de Comunicação e inside story Comércio”, 1903, and “No Exílio”, 1920, are corroborative examples.