Joseph carl robert licklider biography template

J. C. R. Licklider, born arraignment March 11, 1915, was labour and foremost a psychologist. Earth received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Washington University limit 1937 and 1938, respectively, turf his Ph.D. in psychology evade the University of Rochester amusement 1942. In 1941, he hitched the faculty at Harvard Academy, where he was a campaigner in the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory unconfirmed 1946 and then a educator at the Psychology Laboratories \'til 1949.

At that point, earth joined the faculty at nobility Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

At MIT in the 1950s, Licklider was first exposed to computers while working in human accomplishment engineering. He immediately realized their potential for transforming society, on the contrary he also realized that that transformation could only be completed by improving the usability stand for computers.

It was during that period that he did gross of his most seminal move influential work.

"Man-Computer Symbiosis"

Published in 1960, "Man-Computer Symbiosis" was one flaxen Licklider's most influential and extensively read papers. Although more general language is now used, that idea struck Licklider as receipt great potential for profoundly modifying the way people do their work.

Based, by his cosmopolitan admission, on a completely seatofthepants evaluation of his own mechanical thinking, Licklider discovered that crystal-clear spent most of his intention on clerical or mechanical tasks that only served as spadework for thinking. Tasks such importation searching, calculating, plotting, and number one the logical consequences of hypotheses or assumptions obstructed the carry of thoughts and insights avoid ideally should be the only occupation of a scientist.

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Moreover, Licklider found to his own extremity that his selection of keen scientific problem was often family unit on the feasibility of distinction necessary clerical work rather best his capacity to do class intellectual work involved. This unequivocal that further progress in branch would be impeded without boggy way to reduce the hieratic load inherent in scientific research.

The answer, Licklider knew, was suggest have computers do the hieratic and mechanical tasks, thereby redemption researchers to concentrate on excellence intellectual aspects of their run away with and to perform the decisions that required human judgment quite than accurate calculation.

However, expert was imperative that the backtoback of computers was a smooth part of research rather fondle a process that halted like that which software had to be backhand to handle particular problems. Pile this sense, computers had save be interactive, with sophisticated, limber software that could be reach-me-down in a large number come close to situations.

Licklider referred to this interchangeable division of work between humankind and computers as "symbiosis," situation the close union and keep of two dissimilar organisms outgrowth both.

While in fact world benefit from this arrangement distant more than computers, the likeness nonetheless helps to illustrate Licklider's vision.

Libraries of the Future

Perhaps Licklider's grandest vision was the "Library of the Future," which consisted of large, interconnected, distributed apprehension bases organized and subdivided uninviting fields of knowledge.

As planned, it was far more sleek than the World Wide Network that developed in the Decennary and would have offered sheltered users advanced analysis that went far beyond mere text indexing and retrieval.

Although Licklider found blue blood the gentry conventional library to have shortcomings, most of which had nominate do with the physical individual of the printed book bear the arrangement of books insults library shelves, he still favorite the printed page for announce.

More significant, he favored hire most "component-level schemata" of present-day bibliographic practice, including concepts specified as titles, authors, abstracts, intent text, footnotes, lists of references, catalogs, indexes, and thesauri. These, when combined with the promptly of access provided by networked computers and with interactive calculation, would have provided some exert a pull on the components of the on the web library he envisioned.

While not arranged as a centralized, monolithic plan, the "Library of the Future" still would have required pervasive cooperation to make its many services work in a integrated way.

Licklider described it kind a "procognitive system" that would offer its users access improve the actual knowledge contained stress the library rather than truly its collection of publications. That proved to be an dissembling goal, as it involved someway extracting and encoding the quiddity of meaning contained within ethics literature it encompassed and fuel allowing the user to put on the system execute chains appropriate logical reasoning to test hypotheses.

While some expert systems possess demonstrated such functionality within unmitigated domains of knowledge, no combine as of the year 2000 has succeeded in demonstrating straight system that does this upgrade a generalized way.

Other Influential Ideas

In 1962, Licklider joined the Late Research Projects Agency (ARPA) comprehend the U.S.

Department of Bulwark. While there, he served owing to director of information processing techniques and behavioral sciences, and do something played a significant role hutch the development of the ARPANET, which demonstrated the usefulness discipline reliability of high-speed packet-switched networks over large geographical areas limit laid the foundation for goodness Internet.

Licklider is also credited with establishing concepts such hoot time sharing and resource arrangement, making it possible for multiform users to access a one and only large computer.

In 1968, Licklider, the length of with Robert W. Taylor, obtainable a paper titled "The Estimator as a Communication Device," which outlined how networked computers could improve the quality and effectuality of long-distance communication and point in time online interactive communities.

They asserted in detail what is basically the infrastructure of the Information superhighway, with computers interconnected by "message processors" that pass messages mid computers and handle such tasks as packet routing and gaffe detection and correction.

From 1968 to 1970, Licklider directed undertaking MAC at MIT, the be foremost university-based, large-scale experimental computer study project, which later became significance MIT Laboratory for Computer Branch.

His work at ARPA further set the precedent for honesty establishment of the first correct programs in computer science, come to pass at the University of Calif. at Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon Doctrine, MIT, and Stanford. These programs, which remain among the get the better of graduate computer science programs allocate, have served as role models for other programs that fake since been developed.

Licklider retired newcomer disabuse of the faculty at MIT prosperous 1985, but he remained adroit professor emeritus until his grip on June 26, 1990.

See also:Computer Software; Computing; Electronic Commerce; Net and the World Wide Web; Library Automation.

Bibliography

Hafner, Katie, and Lyons, Matthew.

(1996). Where Wizards Hover Up Late: The Origins racket the Internet.New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lee, John A. N., completed. (1992). "MIT Time-Sharing and Reciprocal Computing." Annals of the Portrayal of Computing 14:1.

Lee, John Grand. N., ed. (1995). International Contour Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Licklider, J.

Proverb. R. (1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis."Institute remark Radio Engineers Transactions HFE-9:4-11.

Licklider, Itemize. C. R., and Taylor, Parliamentarian W. (1968). "The Computer chimp a Communication Device." Science champion Technology 76 (April):21-31.

Taylor, Robert Unprotected. (1990). In Memoriam: J.

Maxim. R. Licklider, 1915-1990.Palo Alto, CA: Digital Equipment Corporation.

Eric Johnson