Robert clive biography

British military officer (1725–1774)

For burden people named Robert Clive, portrait Robert Clive (disambiguation).

"Clive of India" redirects here. For other uses, see Clive of India (film) and Clive of India (play).

Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, KB, FRS (29 September 1725 – 22 Nov 1774), also known as Clive of India,^[1][2][3] was the control British Governor of the Bengal Presidency.

Clive has been broadly credited for laying the scaffold of the British East Bharat Company (EIC) rule in Bengal.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]} He began as a author (the term used then modern India for an office clerk) for the EIC in 1744 and established Company rule fasten Bengal by winning the Arms of Plassey in 1757.^[10] Join return for supporting the NawabMir Jafar as ruler of Bengal, Clive was guaranteed a jagir of £30,000 (equivalent to £5,100,000 in 2023) per year, which was the rent the EIC would otherwise pay to the Nabob for their tax-farming concession.

Just as Clive left India in Jan 1767 he had a accidental of £180,000 (equivalent to £30,500,000 in 2023) which he remitted incinerate the Dutch East India Company.^[11][12]

Blocking impending French mastery of Bharat, Clive improvised a 1751 belligerent expedition that ultimately enabled honourableness EIC to adopt the Nation strategy of indirect rule feature puppet government.

Hired by integrity EIC to return (1755) commerce India, Clive conspired to determined the company's trade interests unreceptive overthrowing the ruler of Bengal, the richest state in Bharat. Back in England from 1760 to 1765, he used picture wealth accumulated from India make ill secure (1762) an Irish baronetcy from the then Whig Head, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke indifference Newcastle, and a seat stingy himself in Parliament, via h Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis, representing the Whigs in Shrewsbury, Shropshire (1761–1774), as he challenging previously in Mitchell, Cornwall (1754–1755).^[13][14]

Clive's actions on behalf of rectitude EIC have made him undeniable of Britain's most controversial citizens figures.

His achievements included restriction French imperialist ambitions on representation Coromandel Coast and establishing EIC control over Bengal, thereby furthering the establishment of the Island Raj, though he worked sole as an agent of rendering East India Company, not cut into the British government. Vilified make wet his political rivals in Kingdom, he went on trial (1772 and 1773) before Parliament, annulus he was absolved from each one charge.

Historians have criticised Clive's management of Bengal during government tenure with the EIC, sentence particular regarding responsibility in causative to the Great Bengal Ravenousness of 1770, which killed in the middle of one and ten million generate.

Early life

Robert Clive was natural at Styche, the Clive kinsfolk estate, near Market Drayton fasten Shropshire, on 29 September 1725 to Richard Clive and Rebekah (née Gaskell) Clive.^[15] The consanguinity had held the small fortune since the time of Chemist VII and had a protracted history of public service: branchs of the family included regular Chancellor of the Exchequer past its best Ireland under Henry VIII, roost a member of the Big Parliament.

Robert's father, who supplemented the estate's modest income lump practising as a lawyer, likewise served in Parliament for uncountable years, representing Montgomeryshire. Robert was their eldest son of xiii children; he had seven sisters and five brothers, six addict whom died in infancy.^[17]

Clive's daddy was known to have on the rocks temper, which the boy externally inherited.

For reasons that shape unknown, Clive was sent make somebody's acquaintance live with his mother's baby in Manchester while still on the rocks toddler. The site is these days Hope Hospital.

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Historian Robert Harvey suggests that that move was made because Clive's father was busy in Writer trying to provide for goodness family.^[18] Daniel Bayley, the sister's husband, reported that the girlhood was "out of measure inclined to fighting".^[20] He was spruce up regular troublemaker in the schools to which he was hurl.

When he was older powder and a gang of teenagers established a protection racket renounce vandalised the shops of awkward merchants in Market Drayton. [Note : the original of these allegorical first occurs in John Malcolm's 1836 biography which say these were verbal anecdotes given admonition him, third hand, in 1827, 53 years after Robert Clive's death] There Clive also professed fearlessness at an early chart.

He is reputed to receive climbed the tower of Remove the skin Mary's Parish Church in Sell Drayton and perched on spick gargoyle, frightening those down below.^[22]

When Clive was nine his jeer died, and, after a mini stint in his father's awkward London quarters, he returned fall prey to Shropshire.

There he attended righteousness Market Drayton Grammar School, spin his unruly behaviour (and insinuation improvement in the family's fortunes) prompted his father to relinquish him to Merchant Taylors' Grammar in London. His bad morals continued, and he was abuse sent to a trade institution in Hertfordshire to complete marvellous basic education.^[17] Despite his indeed lack of scholarship, in her highness later years he devoted in the flesh to improving his education.

Forbidden eventually developed a distinctive penmanship style, and a speech response the House of Commons was described by William Pitt chimp the most eloquent he difficult ever heard.

First journey to Bharat (1744–1753)

See also: First Carnatic War

In 1744 Clive's father acquired bolster him a position as ingenious "factor" or company agent sight the service of the Chow down India Company, and Clive get on your nerves sail for India.

After say aground on the coast custom Brazil, his ship was belated for nine months while repairs were completed. This enabled him to learn some Portuguese,^[23] work on of the several languages run away with in use in south Bharat because of the Portuguese midst at Goa. At this frustrate the East India Company locked away a small settlement at Pillar St.

George near the neighbouring of Madraspatnam, later Madras, packed in the major Indian metropolis pointer Chennai,^[24] in addition to rest 2 at Calcutta, Bombay, and Cuddalore.^[25] Clive arrived at Fort Extremist. George in June 1744, stomach spent the next two mature working as little more top a glorified assistant shopkeeper, tallying books and arguing with suppliers of the East India Categorize over the quality and plenty of their wares.

He was given access to the governor's library, where he became swell prolific reader.^[26]

Political situation in southmost India

The India Clive arrived confine was divided into a back copy of successor states to decency Mughal Empire. Over the cardinal years since the death take the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the potentate had gradually fallen into glory hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars.

The dominant rulers on the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, and the Governor of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan. The Nawab nominally pure fealty to the nizam, on the other hand in many respects acted by oneself. Fort St. George and glory French trading post at Pondicherry were both located in description Nawab's territory.

The relationship between honesty Europeans in India was simulated by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, enjoin by competing commercial rivalry avoidable trade on the subcontinent.

Throughout the 17th and early Ordinal centuries, the French, Dutch, Lusitanian, and British had vied implication control of various trading posts, and for trading rights stall favour with local Indian rulers. The European merchant companies lifted bodies of troops to hide their commercial interests and late to influence local politics leak their advantage.

Military power was rapidly becoming as important rightfully commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly dash was used to appropriate house and to collect land revenue.^[28]

First Carnatic War

Further information: Carnatic Wars and War of the European Succession

In 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Group, and began using it relax expand its imperial interests.

That became a source of disturbances with the British in Bharat with the entry of Kingdom into the War of blue blood the gentry Austrian Succession in 1744.^[25] Honourableness Indian theatre of the instability is also known as righteousness First Carnatic War, referring loom the Carnatic region on nobleness southeast coast of India.

Fighting in India began with marvellous British naval attack on keen French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to request additional forces.^[29] Cap 4 September 1746, Madraswas bogus by French forces led shy La Bourdonnais. After several date of bombardment the British forgone and the French entered blue blood the gentry city.

The British leadership was taken prisoner and sent summit Pondicherry. It was originally concerted that the town would accredit restored to the British tail negotiation but this was averse by Dupleix, who sought end annex Madras to French holdings.^[31]

The remaining British residents were recognizance to take an oath be likely not to take up warfare against the French; Clive cranium a handful of others refused, and were kept under accept guard as the French brace yourself to destroy the fort.

Disguising themselves as natives, Clive added three others eluded their unobservant sentry, slipped out of justness fort, and made their pull out to Fort St. David (the British post at Cuddalore), dire 50 miles (80 km) to picture south.^[33] Upon his arrival, Statesman decided to enlist in honourableness Company army rather than be there idle; in the hierarchy discover the company, this was singular as a step down.^[34] Statesman was, however, recognised for contribution in the defence do in advance Fort St.

David, where glory French assault on 11 Walk 1747 was repulsed with position assistance of the Nawab enterprise the Carnatic, and was vulnerable alive to a commission as ensign.^[35]

In significance conflict, Clive's bravery came succeed to the attention of Major Newspaperman Lawrence, who arrived in 1748 to take command of position British troops at Fort Mourn.

David.^[35] During the 1748 Encircle of Pondicherry Clive distinguished in the flesh in successfully defending a entrenchment against a French sortie: melody witness of the action wrote Clive's "platoon, animated by sovereign exhortation, fired again with contemporary courage and great vivacity come into contact with the enemy."^[36] The siege was lifted in October 1748 accomplice the arrival of the monsoons, but the war came get as far as a conclusion with the newcomer in December of news invite the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.

State was returned to the Country as part of the calm agreement in early 1749.

Tanjore expedition

The end of the war amidst France and Britain did watchword a long way, however, end hostilities in Bharat. Even before news of description peace arrived in India, high-mindedness British had sent an journey to Tanjore on behalf detailed a claimant to its commode.

This expedition, on which Solon, now promoted to lieutenant, served as a volunteer, was clean disastrous failure. Monsoons ravaged primacy land forces, and the go into liquidation support claimed by their user was not in evidence. Say publicly ignominious retreat of the Brits force (which lost its case train to the pursuing Tanjorean army while crossing a enlarged river) was a blow journey the British reputation.^[38] Major Laurentius, seeking to recover British distinction, led the entire Madras abolitionist to Tanjore in response.

Engagement the fort of Devikottai ponder the Coleroon River the Nation force was confronted by birth much larger Tanjorean army. Laurentius gave Clive command of 30 British soldiers and 700 sepoys, with orders to lead illustriousness assault on the fort. Solon led this force rapidly gaze the river and toward ethics fort, where the small Nation unit became separated from blue blood the gentry sepoys and were enveloped wishy-washy the Tanjorean cavalry.

Clive was nearly cut down and rank beachhead almost lost before standoffishness sent by Lawrence arrived unearth save the day. The unshakable move by Clive had necessitate important consequence: the Tanjoreans bad the fort, which the Country triumphantly occupied. The success prompted the Tanjorean rajah to unfastened peace talks, which resulted mess the British being awarded Devikottai and the costs of their expedition, and the British patron was awarded a pension be thankful for exchange for renouncing his speak.

Lawrence wrote of Clive's immediate that "he behaved in intrepidity and in judgment much before what could be expected overrun his years."^[39]

On the expedition's revert the process of restoring State was completed. Company officials, think about about the cost of rectitude military, slashed its size, dissenting Clive a promotion to leading in the process.

Lawrence derived for Clive a position restructuring the commissary at Fort Demand. George, a potentially lucrative sign (its pay included commissions keep on all supply contracts).^[40]

Second Carnatic War

Further information: Second Carnatic War

The realize of Asaf Jah I, nobleness Nizam of Hyderabad, in 1748 sparked a struggle to gain one`s end him that is known chimpanzee the Second Carnatic War, which was also furthered by magnanimity expansionist interests of French Governor-General Dupleix.

Dupleix had grasped deseed the first war that tiny numbers of disciplined European augmentation (and well-trained sepoys) could rectify used to tip balances nigh on power between competing interests, survive used this idea to decidedly expand French influence in confederate India. For many years inaccuracy had been working to assurance the release of Chanda Sahib, a longtime French ally who had at one time dark the throne of Tanjore, leading sought for himself the can of the Carnatic.

Chanda Sahib had been imprisoned by distinction Marathas in 1740; by 1748 he had been released foreign custody and was building eminence army at Satara.

Upon interpretation death of Asaf Jah Raving, his son, Nasir Jung, stirred the throne of Hyderabad, even though Asaf Jah had designated reorganization his successor his grandson, Muzaffar Jung.

The grandson, who was ruler of Bijapur, fled westerly to join Chanda Sahib, whose army was also reinforced surpass French troops sent by Dupleix. These forces met those promote to Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in depiction Battle of Ambur in Honourable 1749; Anwaruddin was slain, stand for Chanda Sahib victorious entered excellence Carnatic capital, Arcot.

Anwaruddin's child, Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, blue to Trichinopoly where he hunted the protection and assistance advance the British. In thanks usher French assistance, the victors awarded them a number of villages, including territory nominally under Brits sway near Cuddalore and Province. The British began sending with the addition of arms to Muhammed Ali Caravansary Wallajah and sought to bring about Nasir Jung into the erode to oppose Chanda Sahib.

Nasir Jung came south to Gingee in 1750, where he behest and received a detachment do in advance British troops. Chanda Sahib's prop advanced to meet them, however retreated after a brief overall cannonade. Nasir Jung pursued, paramount was able to capture Arcot and his nephew, Muzaffar Psychologist. Following a series of futile negotiations and intrigues, Nasir Psychologist was assassinated by a unrestrainable soldier.

This made Muzaffar Psychologist nizam and confirmed Chanda Sahib as Nawab of the Carnatic, both with French support. Dupleix was rewarded for French work with titled nobility and oppress of the nizam's territories southernmost of the Kistna River. Potentate territories were "said to bring in an annual revenue of be in command of 350,000 rupees".^[41]

Robert Clive was jumble in southern India for visit of these events.

In 1750 Clive was afflicted with hateful sort of nervous disorder, cope with was sent north to Bengal to recuperate.^[42] It was hither that he met and befriended Robert Orme, who became queen principal chronicler and biographer. Statesman returned to Madras in 1751.

Siege of Arcot

Main article: Blockade of Arcot

In the summer neat as a new pin 1751, Chanda Sahib left Arcot to besiege Muhammed Ali Caravansary Wallajah at Trichinopoly.

This settled the British at Madras pride a precarious position, since rank latter was the last pills their major allies in interpretation area. The British company's belligerent was also in some prolix, as Stringer Lawrence had complementary to England in 1750 track a pay dispute, and disproportionate of the company was bored about the dangers the enlargeable French influence and declining Brits influence posed.

The weakness end the British military command was exposed when a force was sent from Madras to charm Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, however its commander, a Swiss wolf, refused to attack an liquidation at Valikondapuram. Clive, who attended the force as commissary, was outraged at the decision space abandon the siege. He rode to Cuddalore, and offered monarch services to lead an assail on Arcot if he was given a captain's commission, antagonism this would force Chanda Sahib to either abandon the box of Trichinopoly or significantly divide the force there.

Madras abstruse Fort St. David could servicing him with only 200 Europeans, 300 sepoys, and three little cannons; furthermore, of the implication officers who led them, couple were civilians like Clive, bracket six had never been infiltrate action. Clive, hoping to shock the small garrison at Arcot, made a series of difficult marches, including some under fully rainy conditions.

Although he outspoken fail to achieve surprise, representation garrison, hearing of the foot it being made under such exhausting conditions, opted to abandon illustriousness fort and town; Clive brood Arcot without firing a ball.

The fort was a loquacious structure with a dilapidated bulwark a mile long (too eke out a living for his small force concentrate on effectively man), and it was surrounded by the densely cram-full housing of the town.

Neat moat was shallow or decay, and some of its towers were insufficiently strong to make use of as artillery mounts. Clive outspoken the best he could go on parade prepare for the onslaught crystal-clear expected. He made a journey against the fort's former encampment, encamped a few miles abuse, which had no significant renounce.

When the former garrison was reinforced by 2,000 men Chanda Sahib sent from Trichinopoly break up reoccupied the town on 15 September. That night Clive welltodo most of his force unequivocal of the fort and launched a surprise attack on picture besiegers. Because of the shadow, the besiegers had no answer how large Clive's force was, and they fled in exudation.

The next day Clive intellectual that heavy guns he challenging requested from Madras were forthcoming, so he sent most own up his garrison out to usher them into the fort. Deviate night the besiegers, who difficult spotted the movement, launched drawing attack on the fort. Wrestle only 70 men in interpretation fort, Clive once again was able to disguise his mignonne numbers, and sowed sufficient insubordination against his enemies that binary assaults against the fort were successfully repulsed.

That morning position guns arrived, and Chanda Sahib's men again retreated.

Over nobleness next week Clive and king men worked feverishly to underpin the defences, aware that added 4,000 men, led by Chanda Sahib's son Raza Sahib person in charge accompanied by a small band of French troops, was effect its way.

(Most of these troops came from Pondicherry, pule Trichinopoly, and thus did shed tears have the effect Clive exact of raising that siege.) Statesman was forced to reduce king garrison to about 300 lower ranks, sending the rest of tiara force to Madras in carrycase the enemy army decided afflict go there instead.

Raza Sahib arrived at Arcot, and finger 23 September occupied the immediate area. That night Clive launched copperplate daring attack against the Gallic artillery, seeking to capture their guns. The attack very almost succeeded in its object, nevertheless was reversed when enemy administer fire tore into the petty British force. Clive himself was targeted on more than assault occasion; one man pulled him down and was shot breed.

The affair was a sedate blow: 15 of Clive's private soldiers were killed, and another 15 wounded.

Over the next moon the besiegers slowly tightened their grips on the fort. Clive's men were subjected to commonplace sniper attacks and disease, inferior the garrison size to Cardinal. He was heartened to inform that some 6,000 Maratha reinforcement had been convinced to become apparent to his relief, but wind they were awaiting payment a while ago proceeding.

The approach of that force prompted Raza Sahib take a look at demand Clive's surrender; Clive's riposte was an immediate rejection, submit he further insulted Raza Sahib by suggesting that he obligation reconsider sending his rabble time off troops against a British-held plant. The siege finally reached depreciating when Raza Sahib launched brush up all-out assault against the painful on 14 November.

Clive's diminutive force maintained its composure, turf established killing fields outside decency walls of the fort swing the attackers sought to attain entry. Several hundred attackers were killed and many more erroneous, while Clive's small force welcome only four British and figure sepoy casualties.

The historian Apostle Babington Macaulay wrote a hundred later of the siege:

... the commander who had to attitude the defence ...

was shipshape and bristol fashion young man of five coupled with twenty, who had been bred as a book-keeper ... Solon ... had made his shift, and, exhausted by fatigue, difficult to understand thrown himself on his retire. He was awakened by honesty alarm, and was instantly concede his post ... After troika desperate onsets, the besiegers stop working behind the ditch.

The try lasted about an hour ... the garrison lost only pentad or six men.^[43]

His conduct nigh the siege made Clive eminent in Europe. The Prime MinisterWilliam Pitt the Elder described General, who had received no stately military training whatsoever, as righteousness "heaven-born general", endorsing the warm-hearted appreciation of his early commandant, Major Lawrence.

The Court carryon Directors of the East Bharat Company voted him a brand worth £700, which he refused to receive unless Lawrence was similarly honoured.

Clive and Important Lawrence were able to produce the campaign to a make it conclusion. In 1754, the prime of the provisional Carnatic treaties was signed between Thomas Saunders, the Company president at Province, and Charles Godeheu, the Nation commander who displaced Dupleix.

Mahound Ali Khan Wallajah was constituted as Nawab, and both offerings agreed to equalise their material goods. When war again broke haul in 1756, during Clive's non-presence in Bengal, the French acquired successes in the northern districts, and it was Mohammed Calif Khan Wallajah's efforts which concourse them from their settlements.

Excellence Treaty of Paris (1763) officially confirmed Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result topple this action and the accrued British influence that in 1765 a firman (decree) came disseminate the Emperor of Delhi, recognising the British possessions in rebel India.

Margaret Maskelyne had flat tyre out to find Clive who reportedly had fallen in affection with her portrait.

When she arrived Clive was a formal hero. They were married habit St. Mary's Church in (then) Madras on 18 February 1753.^[44][45] They then returned to England.^[44]

Clive also briefly sat as 1 of Parliament for the Cornwallrotten borough of St Michael's, which then returned two Members, escaping 1754 to 1755.^[46] He professor his colleague, John Stephenson were later unseated by petition depart their defeated opponents, Richard Hussey and Simon Luttrell.^[47]

Second journey pass on India (1755–1760)

Further information: Great Kingdom in the Seven Years War

In July 1755, Clive returned vision India^[48] to act as right-hand man governor of Fort St.

Painter at Cuddalore. He arrived rearguard having lost a considerable try en route, as the Doddington, the lead ship of enthrone convoy, was wrecked near Hope Elizabeth, losing a chest cosy up gold coins belonging to Statesman worth £33,000 (equivalent to £6,500,000 in 2023). Nearly 250 years subsequent in 1998, illegally salvaged currency from Clive's treasure chest were offered for sale,^[49] and restore 2002 a portion of magnanimity coins were given to grandeur South African government after interminable legal wrangling.

Clive, now promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Nation Army, took part in picture capture of the fortress be paid Gheriah, a stronghold of magnanimity MarathaAdmiral Tuloji Angre. The solution was led by Admiral Book Watson and the British difficult several ships available, some Monarchical troops and some Maratha alinement. The overwhelming strength of honesty joint British and Maratha put right ensured that the battle was won with few losses.

Expert fleet surgeon, Edward Ives, wellknown that Clive refused to stultify any part of the esteem divided among the victorious repair as was custom at primacy time.^[50]

Fall and recapture of Calcutta (1756–57)

Following this action Clive gristly to his post at Association St. David and it was there he received news commentary twin disasters for the Country.

Early in 1756, Siraj ud-Daulah had succeeded his grandfather Alivardi Khan as Nawab of Bengal. In June, Clive received word that the new Nawab locked away attacked the British at Kasimbazar and shortly afterwards on 20 June he had taken righteousness fort at Calcutta. The losings to the Company because unredeemed the fall of Calcutta were estimated by investors at £2,000,000 (equivalent to £380,000,000 in 2023).^{[citation needed]} Those British who were captured were placed in a discriminating cell which became infamous gorilla the Black Hole of Calcutta.

In stifling summer heat, stretch was reported that 43 locate the 64 prisoners died little a result of suffocation valley heat stroke.^[51][52] While the Smoke-darkened Hole became infamous in Kingdom, it is debatable whether nobility Nawab was aware of influence incident.^[53]

By Christmas 1756, as thumb response had been received undertake diplomatic letters to the Nabob, Admiral Charles Watson and Statesman were dispatched to attack rank Nawab's army and remove him from Calcutta by force.

Their first target was the citadel of Baj-Baj which Clive approached by land while Admiral Geneticist bombarded it from the ocean. The fortress was quickly infatuated with minimal British casualties. In a minute afterwards, on 2 January 1757, Calcutta itself was taken understand similar ease.^[54]

Approximately a month consequent, on 3 February 1757, Statesman encountered the army of goodness Nawab itself.

For two stage, the army marched past Clive's camp to take up out position east of Calcutta. Sir Eyre Coote, serving in position British forces, estimated the enemy's strength as 40,000 cavalry, 60,000 infantry and thirty cannon. Regular allowing for overestimation this was considerably more than Clive's unevenly of approximately 540 British foot, 600 Royal Navy sailors, 800 local sepoys, fourteen field instruments of war and no cavalry.

The Nation forces attacked the Nawab's campground during the early morning high noon of 5 February 1757. Eliminate this battle, unofficially called decency 'Calcutta Gauntlet', Clive marched climax small force through the total Nawab's camp, despite being embellish heavy fire from all sides. By noon, Clive's force bankrupt through the besieging camp added arrived safely at Fort William.

During the assault, around ventilate tenth of the British attackers became casualties. (Clive reported queen losses at 57 killed ride 137 wounded.) While technically a victory in military provisions, the sudden British assault dismayed the Nawab. He sought carry out make terms with Clive, remarkable surrendered control of Calcutta category 9 February, promising to recompense the East India Company expend damages suffered and to assert its privileges.

War with Siraj Ud Daulah

As Britain and Author were once more at contention, Clive sent the fleet be redolent of the river against the Sculpturer colony of Chandannagar, while fair enough besieged it by land. In attendance was a strong incentive denote capture the colony, as keep of a previous French conformity near Pondicherry had yielded decency combined forces prizes valued officer £130,000 (equivalent to £22,000,000 in 2023).

After consenting to the besiegement, the Nawab unsuccessfully sought journey assist the French. Some ministry of the Nawab's court watchful a confederacy to depose him. Jafar Ali Khan, also avowed as Mir Jafar, the Nawab's commander-in-chief, led the conspirators. Understand Admiral Watson, Governor Drake gain Mr. Watts, Clive made dialect trig gentlemen's agreement in which squabble was agreed to give nobility office of viceroy of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha to Mir Jafar, who was to indemnify £1,000,000 (equivalent to £170,000,000 in 2023) to the company for secure losses in Calcutta and rank cost of its troops, £500,000 (equivalent to £80,000,000 in 2023) journey the British inhabitants of Calcutta, £200,000 (equivalent to £33,900,000 in 2023) to the native inhabitants, folk tale £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023) to its Armenian merchants.

Clive occupied Umichand, a rich Bengali supplier, as an agent between Mir Jafar and the British civil service.

Umichand threatened to betray General unless he was guaranteed, overfull the agreement itself, £300,000 (equivalent to £56,400,000 in 2023). To have one`s knife into him a fictitious agreement was shown to him with a- clause to this effect. Admiral Watson refused to sign acknowledge. Clive deposed later to ethics House of Commons that, "to the best of his commemoration, he gave the gentleman who carried it leave to fabrication his name upon it; top lordship never made any new of it; he thinks confront warrantable in such a attachй case, and would do it improve a hundred times; he confidential no interested motive in knowledge it, and did it additional a design of disappointing illustriousness expectations of a rapacious man."

Plassey

Main article: Battle of Plassey

The largely hot season of 1757 was spent in negotiations with influence Nawab of Bengal.

In justness middle of June Clive began his march from Chandannagar, block the British in boats presentday the sepoys along the manifest bank of the Hooghly Line. During the rainy season, illustriousness Hooghly is fed by righteousness overflow of the Ganges compulsion the north through three streams, which in the hot months are nearly dry.

On representation left bank of the Bhagirathi, the most westerly of these, 100 miles (160 km) above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the capital robust the Mughal viceroys of Bengal. Some miles farther down wreckage the field of Plassey, commit fraud an extensive grove of mango trees.

On 21 June 1757, Statesman arrived on the bank conflicting Plassey, in the midst care the first outburst of cloudburst rain.

His whole army amounted to 1,100 Europeans and 2,100 sepoy troops, with nine field-pieces. The Nawab had drawn conceal 18,000 horse, 50,000-foot and 53 pieces of heavy ordnance, served by French artillerymen. For on a former occasion in his career Clive hesitated, and called a council look upon sixteen officers to decide, orangutan he put it, "whether hard cash our present situation, without strengthen, and on our own mixture, it would be prudent outdo attack the Nawab, or whether one likes it we should wait till wedded conjugal by some country (Indian) power." Clive himself headed the niner who voted for delay; Higher ranking Eyre Coote led the vii who counselled immediate attack.

Nevertheless, either because his daring described itself, or because of expert letter received from Mir Jafar, Clive was the first find time for change his mind and work to rule communicate with Major Eyre Coote. One tradition, followed by Historian, represents him as spending rule out hour in thought under picture shade of some trees, one-time he resolved the issues reproduce what was to prove individual of the decisive battles time off the world.

Another, turned jounce verse by Sir Alfred Lyall, pictures his resolution as character result of a dream. Dispel that may be, he plainspoken well as a soldier get at trust to the dash pivotal even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta since retreat, or even put on the brakes, might have resulted in defeat.

After heavy rain, Clive's 3,200 joe public and the nine guns intersectant the river and took residence incumbency of the grove and warmth tanks of water, while Statesman established his headquarters in capital hunting lodge.

On 23 June, the engagement took place gift lasted the whole day, all along which remarkably little actual bloodshed took place. Gunpowder for glory cannons of the Nawab was not well protected from exhaust. That impaired those cannons. Excluding for the 40 Frenchmen crucial the guns they worked, illustriousness Indian side could do short to reply to the Island cannonade (after a spell model rain), which, with the Thirtynine Regiment, scattered the host, applying on it a loss good buy 500 men.

Clive had at present made a secret agreement goslow aristocrats in Bengal, including Jagat Seth and Mir Jafar. Statesman restrained Major Kilpatrick, for take action trusted to Mir Jafar's abstemiousness, if not desertion to monarch ranks, and knew the benefit of sparing his own little force. He was fully earned in his confidence in Mir Jafar's treachery to his owner, for he led a considerable portion of the Nawab's flock away from the battlefield, ensuring his defeat.

Clive lost once in a while any European troops; in compartment 22 sepoys were killed bid 50 wounded. It is whimsical in many ways that Statesman is now best-remembered for that battle, which was essentially won by suborning the opposition relatively than through fighting or witty military tactics. Whilst it method British military supremacy in Bengal, it did not secure rank East India Company's control package Upper India, as is off and on claimed.

That would come unique seven years later in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, where Sir Hector Munro abject the combined forces of character Mughal Emperor and the Nabob of Awadh in a luxurious more closely fought encounter.

Siraj Ud Daulah fled from birth field on a camel, having what wealth he could. Purify was soon captured by Mir Jafar's forces and later consummated by the assassin Mohammadi Plead with.

Clive entered Murshidabad and means Mir Jafar as Nawab, decency price which had been fixed beforehand for his treachery. Solon was taken through the bank, amid £1,500,000 (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023) sterling's worth of rupees, gold and silver plate, fortune and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would. Clive took £160,000 (equivalent hold on to £27,100,000 in 2023), a vast means for the day, while £500,000 (equivalent to £80,000,000 in 2023) was distributed among the army presentday navy of the East Bharat Company, and provided gifts submit £24,000 (equivalent to £4,100,000 in 2023) to each member of grandeur company's committee, as well bit the public compensation stipulated be thinking of in the treaty.

In this retraction of wealth Clive followed fastidious usage fully recognised by picture company, although this was decency source of future corruption which Clive was later sent swap over India again to correct.

Loftiness company itself acquired revenue execute £100,000 (equivalent to £16,900,000 in 2023) a year, and a assessment towards its losses and warlike expenditure of £1,500,000 sterling (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023). Mir Jafar further discharged his debt vision Clive by afterwards presenting him with the quit-rent of goodness company's lands in and circumnavigate Calcutta, amounting to an superannuation of £27,000 (equivalent to £4,600,000 in 2023) for life, and walk out on him by will the counting of £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023), which Clive devoted turn the army.

Further campaigns

Battle of Condore

While busy with the civil management, Clive continued to follow shoot out his military success.

He presage Major Coote in pursuit grounding the French almost as -off as Benares. He dispatched Colonel Forde to Vizagapatam and righteousness northern districts of Madras, annulus Forde won the Battle attack Condore (1758), pronounced by Broome "one of the most witty actions on military record".

Mughals

Main article: Treaty of Allahabad

Clive came long-drawn-out direct contact with the Mughal himself, for the first put on the back burner, a meeting which would increase beneficial in his later lifetime.

Prince Ali Gauhar escaped give birth to Delhi after his father, rectitude Mughal EmperorAlamgir II, had antediluvian murdered by the usurping VizierImad-ul-Mulk and his Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau.^[55]

Prince Ali Gauhar was welcomed and protected by Shuja-ud-Daula, probity Nawab of Awadh.

In 1760, after gaining control over State, Odisha and some parts be defeated the Bengal, Ali Gauhar ride his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and the Company in unbalance to reconquer the riches sign over the eastern Subahs for magnanimity Mughal Empire. Ali Gauhar was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Caravanserai, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal, Kadim Husein and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai.

Their forces were reinforced get by without the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula tell Najib-ud-Daula. The Mughals were additionally joined by Jean Law wallet 200 Frenchmen, and waged a-one campaign against the British fabric the Seven Years' War.

Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced similarly far as Patna, which blooper later besieged with a composed army of over 40,000 accent order to capture or completion Ramnarian, a sworn enemy decelerate the Mughals.

Mir Jafar was terrified at the near buy it of his cohort and transmitted his own son Miran persecute relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored leadership aid of Robert Clive, however it was Major John Caillaud, who defeated and dispersed Emperor Ali Gauhar's army.

Dutch aggression

While Solon was preoccupied with fighting ethics French, the Dutch directors sight the outpost at Chinsurah, bawl far from Chandernagore, seeing finish opportunity to expand their stamina, agreed to send additional camp to Chinsurah.

Despite Britain tell off the Dutch Republic not officially being at war, a Land fleet of seven ships, plus more than fifteen hundred Indweller and Malay troops, came newcomer disabuse of Batavia and arrived at excellence mouth of the Hooghly Geyser in October 1759, while Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal, was meeting with Clive sidewalk Calcutta.

They met a assorted force of British and on your doorstep troops at Chinsurah, just case Calcutta. The British, under Colonel Francis Forde, defeated the Nation in the Battle of Chinsurah, forcing them to withdraw. Honourableness British engaged and defeated depiction ships the Dutch used understanding deliver the troops in dialect trig separate naval battle on 24 November.

Thus Clive avenged influence massacre of Amboyna – the chance when he wrote his noted letter; "Dear Forde, fight them immediately; I will send jagged the order of council to-morrow".

Meanwhile, Clive improved the constitution and drill of the sepoy army, after a European miniature, and enlisted into it numerous Muslims from upper regions emblematic the Mughal Empire.

He re-fortified Calcutta. In 1760, after combine years of hard labour, queen health gave way and pacify returned to England. "It appeared", wrote a contemporary on primacy spot, "as if the lettering was departing from the Command of Bengal". He had archaic formally made Governor of Bengal by the Court of Management at a time when diadem nominal superiors in Madras requisite to recall him to their help there.

But he confidential discerned the importance of illustriousness province even during his gain victory visit to its rich delta, mighty rivers and teeming native land. Clive selected some able subordinates, notably a young Warren Designer, who, a year after Plassey, was made Resident at birth Nawab's court.

The long-term outcome detect Plassey was to place a-ok very heavy revenue burden affection Bengal.

The company sought round off extract the maximum revenue feasible from the peasantry to back military campaigns, and corruption was widespread amongst its officials. Mir Jafar was compelled to rivet in extortion on a cavernous scale^{[citation needed]} in order weather replenish his treasury, which esoteric been emptied by the company's demand for an indemnity fine 2.8 crores of rupees (£3 million).^[56]

Return to Great Britain

In 1760, the 35-year-old Clive returned to Great Kingdom with a fortune of mass least £300,000 (equivalent to £57,300,000 in 2023) and the quit-rent follow £27,000 (equivalent to £5,200,000 in 2023) a year.

He financially wiry his parents and sisters, onetime also providing Major Lawrence, rank commanding officer who had initially encouraged his military genius, second-hand goods a stipend of £500 (equivalent to £100,000 in 2023) a harvest. In the five years only remaining his conquests and administration minute Bengal, the young man difficult crowded together a succession tip off exploits that led Lord Historiographer, in what that historian termed his "flashy" essay on glory subject, to compare him warn about Napoleon Bonaparte, declaring that "[Clive] gave peace, security, prosperity become calm such liberty as the carrycase allowed of to millions epitome Indians, who had for centuries been the prey of enslavement, while Napoleon's career of subjugation was inspired only by bodily ambition, and the absolutism crystalclear established vanished with his fall." Macaulay's ringing endorsement of General seems more controversial today, pass for some would argue that Clive's ambition and desire for out-of-the-way gain set the tone friendship the administration of Bengal waiting for the Permanent Settlement 30 time later.

The immediate consequence confront Clive's victory at Plassey was an increase in the diffusion demand on Bengal by tolerate least 20%, which led statement of intent considerable hardship for the arcadian population, particularly during the paucity of 1770.^[57]

During the three life that Clive remained in In case of emergency Britain, he sought a governmental position, chiefly that he brawniness influence the course of deeds in India, which he abstruse left full of promise.

Oversight had been well received invective court, was elevated to honourableness peerage as Baron Clive walk up to Plassey, County Clare; had money-oriented estates, and returned a uncommon friends as well as person to the House of Lea. Clive was MP for Shrewsbury from 1761 until his mortality. He was allowed to beckon in the Commons because diadem peerage was Irish.^[47] He was also elected Mayor of Shrewsbury for 1762–63.^[58] The non-graduate General received an honorary degree chimpanzee DCL from Oxford University auspicious 1760, and in 1764 significant was appointed Knight of greatness Order of the Bath.^[59]

Clive prickly himself to reform the dwelling-place system of the East Bharat Company, and began a mordant dispute with the chairman matching the Court of Directors, Laurence Sulivan, whom he defeated be next to the end.

In this take action was aided by the intelligence of reverses in Bengal. Mir Jafar had finally rebelled camouflage payments to British officials, have a word with Clive's successor had put Qasim Ali Khan, Mir Jafar's son-in-law upon the musnud (throne). Care for a brief tenure, Mir Qasim had fled, ordering Walter Reinhardt Sombre (known to the Muslims as Sumru), a Swiss devil of his, to butcher justness garrison of 150 British console Patna, and had disappeared erior to the protection of his relative, the Viceroy of Awadh.

Righteousness whole company's service, civil stand for military, had become mired include corruption, demoralised by gifts other by the monopoly of interior and export trade, to specified an extent that the Indians were pauperised, and the go with was plundered of the saving Clive had acquired. For that Clive himself must bear undue responsibility, as he had puncture a very poor example over his tenure as Governor.

Notwithstanding, the Court of Proprietors, put on the Directors to hurry Potentate Clive to Bengal with dignity double powers of Governor concentrate on Commander-in-Chief.

Third journey to India

On 11 April 1765, Clive's ship cropped at Madras. Upon learning describe Mir Jafar's death and magnanimity aftermath of the Battle drug Buxar, he sent a coded letter to a friend impede in England, directing him be bounded by mortgage all his property have a word with to buy as much unharmed in the Company as practicable before the news broke, expectant that its value would rise.^[60][61] On 3 May 1765 General landed at Calcutta to wrap up that Mir Jafar left him personally £70,000 (equivalent to £12,100,000 in 2023).

Mir Jafar was succeeded by his son-in-law Kasim Kaliph, though not before the authority had been further demoralised afford taking £100,000 (equivalent to £17,300,000 in 2023) as a gift running away the new Nawab; while Kasim Ali had induced not one the viceroy of Awadh, however the emperor of Delhi man, to invade Bihar.

At that point a mutiny in birth Bengal army occurred, which was a grim precursor of rank Indian rebellion of 1857, however on this occasion it was quickly suppressed by blowing dignity sepoy ringleader from a field gun. Major Munro, "the Napier compensation those times", scattered the common armies on the hard-fought wing of Buxar. The emperor, Majestic Alam II, detached himself come across the league, while the Awadh viceroy threw himself on blue blood the gentry mercy of the British.

Clive challenging now an opportunity of cache in Hindustan, or Upper Bharat, what he had accomplished weigh down Bengal.

He might have fixed what is now called Uttar Pradesh, and have rendered needless the campaigns of Wellesley scold Lake. But he believed noteworthy had other work in distinction exploitation of the revenues post resources of rich Bengal upturn, making it a base evade which British India would in the end steadily grow. Hence he mutual to the Awadh viceroy go into battle his territory save the outback of Allahabad and Kora, which he presented to the frail emperor.

Mughal Firman

In return for distinction Awadhian provinces Clive secured overexert the emperor one of rank most important documents in Brits history in India, effectively on the assumption that title of Bengal to General.

It appears in the annals as "firman from the Movement Shah Aalum, granting the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar humbling Odisha to the Company 1765." The date was 12 Noble 1765, the place Benares, honesty throne an English dining-table icy with embroidered cloth and surmounted by a chair in Clive's tent. It is all delineated by a Muslim contemporary, who indignantly exclaims that so huge a "transaction was done bracket finished in less time facing would have been taken arrangement in the sale of tidy jackass".

By this deed blue blood the gentry company became the real monarch rulers of thirty million liquidate, yielding a revenue of £4,000,000 sterling (equivalent to £690,000,000 in 2023).

On the same date Clive derivative not only an imperial permission for the company's possessions predicament the Carnatic, completing the take pains he began at Arcot, however a third firman for rank highest of all the lieutenancies of the empire, that snatch the Deccan itself.

This actuality is mentioned in a slay from the secret committee remark the court of directors support the Madras government, dated 27 April 1768. The British feature in India was still come out of compared to the number come to rest strength of the princes ground people of India, but as well compared to the forces late their ambitious French, Dutch boss Danish rivals.

Clive had that in mind when he marker his last advice to magnanimity directors, as he finally sinistral India in 1767:

"We are reasonable that, since the acquisition persuade somebody to buy the dewany, the power previously belonging to the soubah comprehend those provinces is totally, quandary fact, vested in the Adapt India Company.

Nothing remains disrespect him but the name gleam shadow of authority. This title, however, this shadow, it crack indispensably necessary we should look as if to venerate."

Attempts at administrative reform

Having thus founded the Empire disturb British India, Clive sought survive put in place a stiff administration.

The salaries of nonmilitary servants were increased, the attitude of gifts from Indians was forbidden, and Clive exacted covenants under which participation in significance inland trade was stopped. Unluckily this had very little outcome in reducing corruption, which remained widespread until the days discount Warren Hastings. Clive's military reforms were more effective.

He outline down a mutiny of illustriousness British officers, who chose utility resent the veto against admission presents and the reduction faux batta (extra pay) at adroit time when two Maratha account for were marching on Bengal. Coronet reorganisation of the army, expend the lines of that which he had begun after Plassey, neglected during his absence barred enclosure Great Britain, subsequently attracted picture admiration of Indian officers.

Sharp-tasting divided the whole army industrial action three brigades, making each trig complete force, in itself coequal to any single Indian grey that could be brought refuse to comply it.^[62][63]

Clive was also instrumental importance making the company virtual grandmaster of North India by promulgation his policy of "Dual profile of government".

According to primacy new arrangement enforced by him, the company became liable single for revenue affairs of Bengal (Diwani) and Bihar while say publicly administration and law and clean up was made a prerogative outline the Nawab. An office take up "Deputy Nawab" was created, who was at the helms follow all the affairs vis unornamented vis revenue of two vacation the richest provinces of Bharat besides being the company's retailer while the Nizamat (Law lecture order) remained in the safekeeping of the Nawab who equipped his own representative to composition with the company.

This structure proved to be detrimental consign the administration of Bengal captain ultimately the "Dual system care government" was abolished by Clive.^[64]

Retirement and death

Clive left India demand the last time in Feb 1767. In 1768, he cursory at the Chateau de Larzac in Pézenas, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon fence in southern France.

Local tradition abridge that he introduced local bakers to a sweet pastry, Petit pâté de Pézenas, and consider it he (or his chef) locked away brought the recipe from Bharat as a refined version waning the savoury keema naan.^[65] Pézenas is known for such delicacies.

Later in 1768, Clive was elected a Fellow of rectitude Royal Society^[59] and served likewise treasurer of the Royal Salop Infirmary in Shrewsbury.^[66]

In 1769, sharp-tasting acquired the house and gardens of Claremont near Esher impossible to tell apart Surrey, and commissioned Capability Brownness to remodel the garden tolerate house.

In 1772 Parliament unlock an inquiry into the company's practices in India. Clive's bureaucratic opponents turned these hearings smash into attacks on Clive. Questioned lengthen some of the large sums of money he had reactionary while in India, Clive bristling with thorns out that they were slogan contrary to accepted company operate, and defended his behaviour timorous stating "I stand astonished even my own moderation" given opportunities for greater gain.

The hearings highlighted the need for vary of the company; a opt to censure Clive for enthrone actions failed. Later in 1772, Clive was invested Knight hook the Bath (eight years back end he had been made horse bachelor),^[59] and was appointed Ruler Lieutenant of Shropshire.

A entirety famine between 1769 and 1773 reduced the population of Bengal by a third.

It was argued that the activities at an earlier time aggrandisement of company officials caused the famine, particularly abuse noise trade monopoly and land duty used for the personal assist of company officials.^[67][68] These revelations and subsequent debates in Legislature reduced Clive's political popularity.^{[citation needed]}

Clive continued to be involved access Parliamentary discussions on company reforms.

In 1773, General John General, one of Clive's most communicative critics, pressed the case stroll some of Clive's gains were made at the expense classic the company and of illustriousness government. Clive again made out spirited defence of his doings, and closed his testimony insensitive to stating "Take my fortune, nevertheless save my honour." The poll that followed exonerated Clive, who was commended for the "great and meritorious service" he rendered to the country.

Immediately afterward Parliament began debating the Regulation Act 1773, which significantly changed the East India Company's organization.

On 22 November 1774 Solon died, aged 49, at Berkeley Square home. His destruction was caused by a erasure to his throat from clean penknife he held. The form of his death has forward-thinking been the subject of dispute.

No inquest was carried arrange, the absence of which caused contemporary newspapers to report sovereignty death as due to air apoplectic fit or stroke.^[69][70] 20th-century biographer, John Watney, concluded: "He did not die from uncomplicated self-inflicted wound ... He dreary as he severed his vena with a blunt paper slash brought on by an overindulge of drugs".^[71] While Clive consider no suicide note, Samuel Lexicographer wrote that he "had borrowed his fortune by such crimes that his consciousness of them impelled him to cut government own throat".^[72] Clive's demise has been linked to his account of depression and to opium addiction, but the likely not to be delayed impetus was excruciating pain second-hand consequenti from illness (he was become public to suffer from gallstones) which he had been attempting cause somebody to abate with opium.^{[citation needed]} According to William Dalrymple, Clive allowed from acute depression from come to an end early age, and tried take care of take his own life have qualms in his youth.

During government Indian stint depression also solicitous him. He was morose, dispatch spoke less. Shortly beforehand, good taste had been offered and declined command of British forces demand North America.^[73] He was below the surface in St Margaret's Parish Sanctuary at Moreton Say, near reward birthplace in Shropshire.

After rule death, a satire in far-out London newspaper drew him in the same way the 'Lord Vulture', picking distinction bones of the Indian fusty, perhaps due to the Bengal famines.^[74]

Clive was awarded an Country peerage in 1762, created Baron Cliveof Plassey, County Clare; yes bought lands in County Single and County Clare, Ireland.

An officer, Thomas Maunsell (1726-1814), who had fought under Clive utilize the Battle of Plassey grasping lands near Limerick that put your feet up named Plassey, County Limerick. Herbaceous border 1970 these lands were plagiaristic by the National Institute in favour of Higher Education, Limerick, later illustriousness University of Limerick, whose painting administrative centre is Plassey House.^[75] Despite a popular myth, Statesman never owned the land.^[76]

Marriage enthralled issue

On 18 February 1753 difficulty Madras, Clive married Margaret Maskelyne (1735–1817),^[42][42] sister of the Rate.

Dr Nevil Maskelyne, fifth Stargazer Royal.

Chetan chauhan cricketer biography

They had nine children:^[77][78]

• Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis (1754–1839), succeeded his father
• Richard Statesman (4 March 1755 – pricking. 19 October 1755), died young
• Jane Clive (15 June 1756 – September 1759), died young
• Robert General (13 October 1759 – June 1760), died young
• Hon.

  Rebecca General (15 September 1760 – Dec 1795), married in 1780 go on parade Lt.-Gen. John Robinson, MP

• Hon. City Clive (19 January 1762 – 20 October 1795), died unmarried
• Hon. Margaretta Clive (15 August 1763 – August 1814), married 11 April 1780 Lt.-Col. Lambert Theodore Walpole (killed in 1798 Wexford Rebellion), great-nephew of Robert Walpole
• Hon.

  Elizabeth Clive (30 October 1764 – bur. 18 December 1764), died young

• Lt-Col. Hon. Robert Speechmaker Clive (14 August 1769 – 28 July 1833), died unmarried

Criticism

Clive's actions have been criticised fail to notice modern historians due to doings in India, particularly his condition in the Bengal Famine extent 1770 and his economic manipulation of India.

The famine fasten between one and ten bomb people.^[79] Changes caused by General to the Indian revenue profile and agricultural practices, designed thicken maximize profits for the Chow down India Company, increased poverty unsavory Bengal.^[80] Clive commented on ethics poor conditions of Bengal slip up Company rule,

I shall only say that such top-hole scene of anarchy, confusion, crookedness, corruption, and extortion was not in any degree seen or heard of restore any country but Bengal; faint did such and so innumerable fortunes acquire in so wrongful and rapacious a manner.

Magnanimity three provinces of Bengal, Province and Orissa producing a clear-cut revenue of £3 million first-class, have been under the close management of the company's facilitate, ever since Mir Jafar's comeback to the subahship; and they have, both civil and warlike, exacted and levied contributions deviate every man of power accept consequence, from the Nawab throw out to the lowest zamindar.

In January 2021, the private primary that Clive attended, Merchant Taylors' School, renamed Clive House with regard to "Raphael House" (after the player John Edward Raphael).^[81] Petitions control called for removal of simple statue of Clive from Honourableness Square in Shrewsbury.^[82] No advanced than 20,000 signatures supported much a move, and on 16 July 2020 Shropshire Council committed 28–17 to retain the statue.^[83] A similar petition for withdrawal of Clive's statue from unattainable the Foreign and Commonwealth Put in place in Whitehall, accrued some 80,000 signatures.^[84]

In light of criticism oppress Clive's legacy, in 2020 Haberdashers' Adams school in Newport, Shropshire announced that Clive House was to be renamed "Owen House" (after the Shropshire poet Wilfred Owen).^[85]

Legacy

• Robert Clive's desk from her majesty time at Market Drayton Equip School is on display improve on Market Drayton museum complete organize his carved initials.

  The community also has a Clive Road.

• Robert Clive's pet Aldabra giant tortoise died on 23 March 2006 in the Kolkata zoo. Honesty tortoise, whose name was "Adwaita" (meaning the "One and Only" in Bengali), appeared to engrave 150–250 years old. Adwaita confidential been in the zoo owing to the 1870s and the zoo's documentation showed that he came from Clive's estate in India.^[86]
• A statue of Clive stands embankment the main square in blue blood the gentry market town of Shrewsbury, brand well as a later only in King Charles Street in St James's Park, London.
• Clive's anorak of arms can be strange (impaled with his wife's) weight relief in the pediment change Claremont in Esher, Surrey, which Clive had rebuilt.
• Robert Clive habitual the first slaughterhouse in Bharat, in Calcutta in 1760.^[87]
• With class re-capture of Calcutta by Solon in 1756, the cultivation unscrew poppies for the opium conglomerate soon came to be position mainstay of the East Bharat Trading Company's commerce with Stately China.^[88]
• Clive is responsible for fortune the first organized brothel basically the Army cantonment of Calcutta.

  He was not interested lid eradication of prostitution but make real regulation so that their sheet down soldiers and sailors could have reservations about protected from venereal diseases. Regardless, two properties in central Calcutta owned by women named Ishwari and Bhobi, whom the Troupe identified as prostitutes, were mincing in 1753.^[89]

Cultural

• Robert Browning's 1880 lyric Clive recounts a fictional leaf in which Clive, as nifty young clerk, duels a card-sharping soldier.

  Clive shoots and misses; the cheat then admits enthrone crime and spares Clive's be in motion. The poem's narrator, and those watching the duel, initially allow that the episode shows Clive's courage in standing up honestly; but Clive rebukes them ramble the magnanimous cheat showed afar more honour. The poem mainly focuses on the relationship mid courage and fear, and closes with an allusion to Clive's suicide ("Clive's worst deed – we'll hope condoned").

• A bestselling lowgrade novel, G.

  A. Henty's With Clive in India: Or, dignity Beginnings of an Empire (1884), celebrates Clive's life and activity from a pro-British point claim view.

• R. J. Minney's stage surpass Clive of India (1933) portrays the life of Clive, remarkably focusing on his victory fight the Battle of Plassey. Quicken was based on a life of Clive that Minney challenging written two years earlier.^[90]
• The 1935 film Clive of India, family unit on Minney's play, starred Ronald Colman, Loretta Young, and Clive's descendant Colin Clive.^[91]
• Due to career the brother-in-law of Nevil Maskelyne, Clive is mentioned in Saint Pynchon's novel Mason & Dixon - specifically during the sections with Mason and Maskelyne dim-witted the island of Saint Helena.

Namesakes

• "Clive of India" is a fight of curry powder manufactured call a halt Australia by McKenzie's Foods.
• "Clive" was a house at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, where he was a student for seven time eon before his expulsion.

  Members were distinguished by their red streaked ties. In January 2021 interpretation house was renamed after trace pupil and sportsman John Raphael.^[92]

• Clive is a Senior Girls habitation at the Duke of York's Royal Military School, where bighead houses are named after evident military figures.
• Clive was a residence at Haberdashers' Adams school amount Newport, Shropshire which in 2021 was renamed Owen house, back the poet and soldier Wilfred Owen who was born effectively Oswestry in Shropshire.

  This gos after criticism of Robert Clive joy light of the George Floyd protests.

• Clive Road, in West Dulwich, London, commemorates Baron Clive^[93] insult being so named close assume a century after his complete. Following the completion of blue blood the gentry relocation of The Crystal Castle from Hyde Park to what is now Upper Norwood answer 1854, the West End bear out London and Crystal Palace Pursuit was opened on 10 June 1854 to cope with word visiting the Crystal Palace.

  That led to a huge adjoining in employment in the extra and a subsequent increase grind the building of residential donation. Many of the new roadstead were named after eminent vote in British imperial history, specified as Robert Clive.

• There is top-notch settlement^[which?] named after Clive get the picture the Hawke's Bay province show consideration for New Zealand.

Notes