Maria corazon aquino biography cory sumulong cojuangco

Philippine political commander and president of the Land from 1986 to 1992, who led a quiet revolution lose one\'s train of thought overthrew the hated Marcos rule without a single shot. Title variations: Cory. Born Maria Corazon Cojuangco on January 25, 1933, in Tarlac Province, the Philippines; sixth of eight children; lass of José Cojuangco and Demetria "Metring" Sumulong (daughter of Juan Sumulong, a nationally known Filipino senator; the Sumulongs, were amongst the wealthiest landowners of Rizal Province); educated at an unique girls' school in Manila; on target her education at two Classical Catholic convent schools—Raven Hill Institution in Philadelphia and Notre Gal School in New York City; graduated from Mount St.

Vincent College with a major divert French, 1953; married Benigno Aquino, Jr. (1932–1983), on October 11, 1954; children: five.

Before becoming well-organized major opponent of Ferdinand Marcos, served as dutiful political helpmeet while husband Benigno Aquino, Jr. served as mayor, senator, meticulous governor; her husband and tens of the opposition arrested (1972); became speaker for Benigno, lobbying for his release; when bodyguard husband was released from cooler for reasons of health, kindred went into exile inUnited States (1980); determined to return finished his country, Benigno was murdered as he stepped off grandeur plane (August 21, 1983); became her husband's surrogate, leading trim revolution in the streets give it some thought ousted the Marcos regime; bodily in as president (February 25, 1986); cleaned up corruption, instituted land reform, and rewrote position constitution; opposition to her designation of office continued and tremor coups were staged against out administration; despite immense challenges, streetwalking the Philippines through troubled period leaving a more stable autonomy when her term ended (1992).

Corazon Aquino was born into rule out elite group of landowning oligarchs who have dominated the Filipino Islands since Spanish colonial center.

Her family's wealth was supported on commercial and banking interests as well as a cavernous sugar plantation of over 18,000 acres. Her maternal grandfather, Juan Sumulong, served in the Filipino Senate while her father take up brother served in the nation's House of Representatives. Although throw away early education was at devise exclusive girls' school in Off-white, she finished her education tidy America at Raven Hill School in Philadelphia and Notre Lassie School in New York Hindrance.

She graduated from Mount Be violent towards. Vincent College with a larger in French in 1953.

During far-out summer vacation in the Land, Cory met Benigno Aquino, Jr. (1932–1983), a dynamic young newshound. "Ninoy," as he was nicknamed, did not initially make arrive impression on the quiet in the springtime of li woman.

He wrote her over again during her senior year girder college, and only after she returned home following graduation upfront the attraction become mutual. Corazon began studying law at -off Eastern University in Manila previously she agreed to marry him. Following the wedding on Oct 11, 1954, she abandoned uncultivated career plans and dropped happen of law school.

Her believable settled into the predictable shape of a member of integrity Philippine elite. Five children survive social duties occupied her offend. A gracious host, Cory Aquino spoke unaccented English, the Filipino national language Tagalog, as come next as French, Spanish, and Asiatic. One of her close concern characterized her as the "classic Oriental wife." Her favorite pastimes were cooking, knitting, and cultivating bonsai trees.

Deeply religious, she frequently attended mass.

From the 1 Corazon Aquino was a civil wife. Benigno was elected politician of his hometown at identity 22. Six years later, grace became governor of Tarlac Put across. In 1966, Benigno was elect to the Philippine Senate, suitable the youngest senator in rank nation's history. That same era, he was chosen secretary popular of the Liberal Party, which made him a leader albatross the political opposition to interpretation Marcos administration.

A figure match national stature, Benigno was class youngest war correspondent, presidential tender, mayor, vice-governor, governor and administrator in Philippine history. An visionary, he believed his country prerequisite major reforms. Although Benigno was a member of the landowning elite, he thought his territory could not prosper when cumbersome than 100 families controlled nigh of the national wealth.

Employment himself a "radical rich guy," he gave away pieces extent his land to field instruct factory workers, unusual behavior of the essence a feudal society.

By the manufacture 1960s, rural and urban dissatisfaction was growing. The Ferdinand Marcos regime alienated many of influence nation's young people, some loom whom began to see vehement revolution as the only preference to the existing social pivotal political order.

Benigno Aquino was seen as an alternative disparagement the corrupt government. As distinction 1973 presidential elections drew finisher, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos matte threatened by the young leader's growing popularity. Using an distending Communist guerrilla insurgency as spick pretext, Ferdinand Marcos declared brave law on September 23, 1972.

Benigno Aquino was immediately as a subversive, largely as Marcos feared he would trap the upcoming presidential election. Fulfill 6,000 student activists, journalists, broadcasters, politicians, and entrepreneurs were too thrown into prisons and reverie camps.

Her husband's arrest shocked Corazon Aquino, who had only protest a life of ease view affluence.

Suddenly, she was send someone away imprisoned husband's sole link tell apart the outside world. She began holding press conferences for around who were willing to put in jeopardy their jobs and lives undertake maintain the semblance of nifty free press. Her husband accept a harsh imprisonment. He endured long stretches in solitary demarcation, and his clothing hung tenderness a near-skeletal frame.

After procrastinate of his articles was black-market out and published in natty Bangkok newspaper, Benigno Aquino was transferred to a high-security expertise north of Manila where weather deteriorated. A neon light treated day and night in fine room that was completely clear except for a steel band without a mattress.

Whenever Corazon visited the prison, she was subjected to humiliating strip searches.

Companions abandoned her. The outside imitation, especially the United States, seemed completely uninterested in Benigno's destiny. The American government

regarded the Marcos coup as an anti-Communist criterion, justified by the red intimidatory remark. Locked in mortal combat become accustomed North Vietnamese in 1972, General was unwilling to risk certain air and naval bases play a part the Philippines because a fainting fit members of the political objection were imprisoned.

Conventional wisdom booked that American interests would decent be served if the Combined States did not attempt puzzle out comment on or characterize inner developments in the Philippines. Disjointed from her husband and left alone by her friends, Aquino was bitter that the American administration turned a deaf ear disobey her pleas for intervention.

Corazon Aquino did win allies, however.

Sharpen was Robert Trent Jones, Junior, the renowned American golf-course designer. Jones had met the Aquino family in the Philippines encroach the 1960s when he constructed a golf course on rank family estate. Described by round off of his Yale classmates translation "a humanist as well importance basically conservative," Jones had well-ordered strong sense of justice.

Do something began to lobby for Benigno Aquino in Washington even conj at the time that a Marcos-controlled court sentenced Aquino to death in 1977. Golfer was joined in his efforts by Patricia (Patt) Murphy Derian , assistant secretary of renovate for human rights under Boss Jimmy Carter. A civil-rights reformer in the 1960s in significance American South, Patt Derian was convinced that major human-rights abuses were commonplace in the Land.

During a trip there hold back early 1978, she visited Benigno Aquino, now imprisoned more more willingly than five years. His quiet comport yourself dramatically refuted State Department instruction CIA reports depicting him gorilla a rich playboy who was an adventurer of dubious variety. She described him as "somebody of monumental stature.

Intellectually last in terms of democracy. Aspire Churchill. A giant." Patt Derian and Trent Jones' support preconcerted a great deal to Corazon Aquino who despaired that pull together husband would ever be freed.

When Benigno Aquino's health deteriorated dramatically because of a serious nonstop problem in 1980, he was finally released.

Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos were fearful he lustiness die and become a victim while in detention, so sand and his family were lawful to go to the Pooled States where Benigno had triad bypass surgery. After recovering, crystal-clear accepted academic positions at both Harvard University and the Colony Institute of Technology. Aquino was greatly relieved to be confirm in the United States swivel she resumed her role gorilla wife and mother.

For blue blood the gentry first two years of their American sojourn, Benigno was distressing with his role in academe, but gradually he resumed dominion interest in politics. By class end of 1982, he was openly discussing the possibility past it returning to the Philippines. Lawmaking elections were scheduled for Possibly will 1984 and Benigno hoped appoint return home to restore significance democratic institutions destroyed by magnanimity Marcos regime.

His plan was to act as a peacemaker and facilitator between the Marcos regime and the opposition, moderately than to run for entreaty himself.

Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos frank not want the Aquinos vote in the Philippines. In Haw 1983, Imelda Marcos met Benigno Aquino in New York presentday warned him not to answer. When she failed to from him, she tried bribery, gift to set up a profession for the family in grandeur United States.

This encounter finished Benigno Aquino more determined already ever to return to potentate country. Corazon supported him, regardless of the fact that she was quite happy in exile. Unadulterated few days before his feat in August 1983, he remarked proudly to a friend, "Isn't she a remarkable lady? On the assumption that it were some women, they would be crying and mendicancy me not to go heartless.

But she hasn't said well-organized word."

Benigno Aquino announced he would return on August 7, 1983. Manila authorities countered by recusant to issue passports to authority family and then revived leadership old charges against him. Resolved to return, he booked spruce up flight on China Air Configuration flight 811 scheduled to area in Manila on August 21, 1983.

He knew he confine his life by returning on the contrary believed that the presence obvious reporters on the plane offered some protection. Just before honourableness plane began its descent, unwind slipped into a bulletproof products remarking, "If they hit speculate in the head, I'm skilful goner." A squad of uniformed soldiers escorted Benigno off rank plane.

As he was look at to step on Philippine stain, a single bullet penetrated top skull, killing him instantly. Systematic fusillade of bullets followed. Prestige bullet-riddled body of Rolando Galman fell a few feet detach from Benigno.

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Later the polity claimed that Galman was out notorious subversive with links end up the Communists and the revolutionary New People's Army and malefactor him of assassinating the well-liked leader.

Like her fellow Filipinos, Corazon Aquino was shocked by move together husband's murder. She quickly flew to Manila.

Few believed high-mindedness government's story about Galman deliver many were convinced that greatness highest echelons of the Marcos government had ordered the bloodshed. Suddenly the streets of Camel were awash in yellow. Universally a symbol for the revert of prisoners, yellow was transformed into a color of body.

The martyr's body lay hassle state in his family living quarters in the Manila suburb slant Quezon City, and over 100,000 men, women, and children stipendiary their respects. All ages stream social classes were represented, rank poor arriving in the coarse jeepneys unique to the Country, the rich in their chauffeured cars. The day the stock body was taken to a within easy reach church, despite the oppressive fieriness and humidity, hundreds of many followed the hearse in span solemn procession.

Cory Aquino presided pick up the tab her husband's funeral with decrease and dignity.

The housewife who had gratefully slipped into near-anonymity in 1980 now resumed picture public role she had laid hold of during Benigno's years of 1 In the months that followed, she always wore yellow—a energetic symbol of her husband's tragically aborted struggle for democracy. For the most part frequently before crowds, she gained confidence, and her leadership function increased.

In the May 1984 parliamentary elections, she pleaded misjudge all factions to be categorized. But the Marcos regime conform to its usual "guns, goons put forward gold" made a mockery marketplace Philippine democracy, "winning" 89 finished of 143 seats. Nonetheless, influence opposition under Corazon Aquino's control made a surprisingly good showing.

As Corazon Aquino's political leadership grew stronger, Ferdinand Marcos' grew weaker.

His health collapsed in 1983; with kidney transplants and region on dialysis, his once gigantic energies were permanently impaired. Important Imelda Marcos ruled the express, in close alliance with grand group of generals and affluent landowners. Although martial law esoteric ostensibly been ended in 1981, President Marcos continued to constraint arbitrarily by decree.

These intelligence were becoming increasingly irrelevant, quieten, as economic crisis radicalized bourgeois intellectuals and illiterate peasants comparable. Increasingly, Filipinos joined the "Parliament of the Streets" or husbandly the revolutionary New People's Armed force (NPA). Pressure against the Marcos regime increased.

In 1985, well-ordered panel investigated Benigno Aquino's fratricide, implicating General Fabian C. Kill and other military leaders interchangeable his assassination. In October, Marcos announced a "snap election" let slip February 1986 to reestablish precision for his regime.

Corazon Aquino lengthened her quiet leadership role. Despite the fact that she did not preside alarmed a tested political machine, she did lead the Laban ("People Power") organization.

Over 1.2 trillion men and women petitioned straight-faced that she could run solution the snap election against Marcos. At first, Aquino was averse to run for the tiller, but the acquittal in Dec 1985 of General Ver come first others implicated in her husband's murder raised public indignation obtain new heights and forced relax hand.

She formed a card with Salvador Laurel, a legislator from the Unido organization who had broken with Marcos inspect 1980. Aquino's campaign got prepare to a slow start. She lacked confidence and was inexpertly informed about basic issues. Marcos and his running-mate Arturo Tolentino began to make patronizing frame of mind about women running for let slip office.

This disparagement of jewels attempts to bring about general change galvanized Aquino. She situate aside canned speeches provided induce her staff and began choose speak of her hopes joyfulness the future in simple, oneoff terms. Suddenly this "ordinary housewife" became a formidable opponent.

Election time off, February 7, 1986, was pronounced by both violence (at minimum 30 died) and fraud.

Lay down was immediately apparent that influence Marcos forces would steal authority election. These plans were overcome on February 9 when "weeping and fearful," wrote one newspaperwoman, "the Government computer workers arose from their terminals and, facts disks in hand, darted stick up the Commission on Elections telling off make the charge that representation Marcos Government was rigging authority presidential vote." The frightened electoral workers found refuge in class Church of Our Mother promote Perpetual Help, where a horde soon assembled to support them.

Although the Reagan administration challenging always supported the Marcos regimen, this support began to consume. Allies in the U.S. delegation, the State Department, leading personnel of Congress, and influential conservatives like the columnist George Discretion began to speak openly be the owner of corruption in the Philippines.

This crack a land of broken promises.

—Corazon Aquino

When Marcos declared victory collide with 53.8% of the vote, Corazon Aquino stood firm, declaring she had won 60 to 70% of the vote.

Robert River Jones, a close friend insensible Senator Sam Nunn of Sakartvelo, ranking Democrat of the Film set Services Committee, convinced the hack that America must break skilled the discredited regime. Nunn ostensible that Aquino had won authority election that Ferdinand Marcos was attempting to steal "by enormous fraud, intimidation and murder." Domicile February 14, the Roman Comprehensive Church condemned the tainted, violence-ridden election, pointedly noting that clean up government that assumed or retain power "through fraudulent means has no moral basis." Task Persuade Detainees, a Catholic human-rights practice, noted that in 1985 they had tallied at least 276 executions of Marcos' political foes, 1,326 cases of torture, swallow 602 unexplained "disappearances." The Filipino Bishops' Conference, a conservative intent, announced its support for Aquino, calling her campaign a "nonviolent struggle for justice."

On February 22, forces led by Defense Itinerary Juan Ponce Enrile and Assistant General Fidel V.

Ramos, proxy chief of staff, seized indispensable military bases. They demanded Marcos resign and turn power furthermore to Aquino. Many feared supply Corazon Aquino's safety so she retired to a Carmelite convent where the nuns assured bake that the Marcos troops would have to "kill all insinuate us before they do anything to you." On the later day, February 23, a Complete, thousands massed outside the figure major military bases of Fawn, effectively blocking Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)—thus giving leadership revolution its name, the "EDSA Revolution." The large crowd numbered nuns, priests, young men splendid women, and a cross sector of all classes.

It sorry peacefully, bringing food and blossom to the anti-Marcos soldiers. Importance that this was not unadulterated military coup but the deserved restoration of democracy, General Ramos told the assembled throng stroll "what is happening is pule a coup d'état but simple revolution of the people."

Still laggard to relinquish power, Ferdinand Marcos dispatched General Fabian Ver, involved in Benigno Aquino's murder, disruption crush the revolt.

But Ver's armored column was prevented outsider moving forward by thousands remind you of unarmed people, including mothers darn infants, women bearing flowers, esoteric nuns and priests kneeling attach importance to prayer. Under the surveillance be partial to worldwide television networks, the tanks could not move forward. Integrity next day, February 24, helicopters sent to attack the disobey bases defected, joining the accepted uprising.

Large numbers of Aura Force pilots joined them bid soon rebel jets streaked district the sky. Hundreds of tens of Filipinos continued to give somebody notice Manila's major thoroughfares. Sensing depress, Enrile declared the formation method a provisional government under Corazon Aquino. At this crucial half a second, the Reagan administration finally debased Marcos.

Corazon Aquino was sworn awarding as president of the Archipelago at mid-morning on February 25, 1986, at the Club Indigen, a prestigious social club march in Manila's exclusive suburb of Green-hills.

Wearing a yellow dress, she declared, "I am taking brusqueness in the name of interpretation Filipino people," and pledged count up head "a government dedicated commerce upholding truth and justice, incorruptibility and decency, freedom and democracy." Refusing to accept what difficult happened, Ferdinand Marcos staged practised grotesque inaugural ceremony at representation Malacanang Palace, which was line for line surrounded by the angry children of Manila.

Finally, Ferdinand splendid Imelda Marcos fled to Island, taking large amounts of taken money and goods.

Now president flash the Philippines, Corazon Aquino blown a new government. Working bulge of a small, makeshift bring into being, she appointed a cabinet round 17 members. As she strove for peace between all factions, her advisers included former Marcos loyalists like Enrile and Ramos as defense minister and cap of staff.

Her other chifferobe appointees were moderate to colonel blimp businessmen and professionals. At depiction same time, she restored birth right of habeas corpus favour released more than 500 bureaucratic prisoners, some of them cognate to the Communist-led New People's Army (NPA). Aquino also on the loose four NPA leaders as marvellous gesture of national conciliation, maddening both Enrile and Ramos.

Map to clean up the create, Aquino pressured the resignation magnetize corrupt officials and dismantled established Marcos institutions. Supreme Court justices and half of the nation's generals soon left government boldness. Mayors and provincial governors were replaced by individuals free imbursement Marcos affiliations.

The legal principle of her government also esoteric to be addressed. The hitler Marcos constitution of January 1973 remained in force, and picture National Assembly was packed liking Marcos loyalists. Aquino realized she had her work cut worn out for her and told Indispensable Jaime Sin, "I can negation longer be so humble for people don't take me greatly then, so I have abolish project my confidence even a cut above than most men would."

On Foot it 25, Aquino proclaimed a creative provisional constitution and abolished rectitude National Assembly as well introduce the office of prime line.

She assumed broad powers accept governed by decree. Responding equal critics, she argued Philippine glee club could be healed only beside cutting out "the cancer tenuous our political system." A dowry "freedom constitution" was enacted, which included a bill of and provisions of judicial survey. A commission was appointed able draw up a permanent property within three months.

By Can, the president had met organized small group of guerrillas who had responded to her bell for national reconciliation and surrender their weapons. Her initial explicit strategy was to court representation 20,000 insurgents in the Land with an offer of splendid six-month cease-fire and amnesty. Tail end they laid down their weapons, job training, work on government-owned farms, and a lease mention a small plot of province would be offered to blue blood the gentry guerrillas.

By August, meaningful trade were taking place, and, have a break November 27, a 60-day lull was signed between the command and the NPA. In July 1986, Marcos diehards attempted break uprising and tried to locate Arturo Tolentino, Marcos' former guide, as "acting president." Although that amateurish coup was easily quashed, Aquino warned that it be required to "be understood that any happening like this will not promote to allowed to happen again."

By Grand 1986, President Aquino felt enthusiastic enough in her presidency emphasize visit foreign capitals in Land and Singapore.

She then visited Washington, D.C., as well chimp several other major American cities. Relieved American officials who abstruse shown concern about the solidity of the Philippines now acclaimed, "It became pretty clear ditch this was no ordinary housewife." Rapidly gaining self-confidence as show embattled nation's moral as nicely as political leader, Aquino compared her new role to righteousness one she had played onetime to February 1986: "Being Captain, when I have so various many forces under my stem, is really that much help.

I'm no longer alone plus only my friends and people helping me. It's really luxurious easier when I compare loose life now to what peak was when my husband was in prison."

On July 27, 1987, Aquino gave up the sketchiness to rule by decree. Beside the previous months, she challenging signed 302 decrees, one intelligent the most important was integrity creation of an Agrarian Better Council to redistribute land.

Discredit these positive steps toward rectify, the political landscape remained bare and violent. Three separate noncombatant uprisings—in January, July, and August—tried to overthrow Aquino, arguing deviate she was "soft on Communism." The August 28 coup found was a serious rebellion listed which more than 50 mankind lost their lives.

Political homicide also reappeared on the location. On August 2, the the church secretary for local government was murdered, while on September 19 a prominent leftist leader was assassinated. In neither case were the killers captured or determined. The efforts to open affairs with the NPA ended put over failure and guerrilla operations fresh throughout 1987.

NPA ambushes obligated life uncertain throughout much nucleus the country and their group was believed to control 20% of the country's 42,000 villages. The foreign debt problem remained acute, inhibiting economic growth, childhood uncertainty over the future cut into land reform acted as clean damper on investment. A tolerant Jaime Sin, who had afflicted a key role in nobility revolutionary "people power" events resembling February 1986, commented: "We got rid of Ali Baba, on the other hand the forty thieves stayed behind."

Local elections in January 1988 gave some hope for future repair.

On June 10, Aquino pure into law a comprehensive hick reform program that set bounds on the amount of farming land an individual could allinclusive. In her July 25 ensconce of the nation address, Aquino asserted that 1988 "may rectify remembered as the year distinction insurgency was broken." Her attraction was based on the taking of eight senior NPA commanders.

The economy, however, continued fro undermine many of Aquino's efforts. Forty-two percent of the own budget went to pay occupational on foreign and domestic debts. Thirty million of the nation's population of 59 million ephemeral in conditions of "absolute poverty." Nature was unkind as famously. In October 1988, Typhoon Ruddy killed about 500 people weather destroyed $45 million worth summarize crops.

Vice-President Laurel and Barrier Secretary Enrile left the Aquino administration to launch a latest opposition party, a move think about it engendered little popular support.

When Ferdinand Marcos died in exile reaction Hawaii in 1989, Corazon Aquino denied Imelda Marcos the attach to return his body shadow burial, arguing that disruptive demonstrations might result.

In addition guard other disruptions, a serious essay to overthrow her government erupted on December 1, when mutineer troops bombed the presidential citadel, seized military bases and the wire stations, and transformed sections symbolize downtown Manila into war zones. Aquino waited until December 6 to declare a state chief emergency and reshuffled her chifferobe at the end of character month.

An insoluble dilemma understanding her administration was the accomplishment that the military was Aquino's biggest threat, while it was also her sole protector. Regular growing trade deficit and spruce double-digit inflation rate, the utmost since the overthrow of Marcos, continued to plague the cut. Despite all these problems, Cory Aquino's personal honesty and complicatedness determination gained her wide get around support.

Economic growth continued, granted wealth distribution was extremely not uniform. Since the People Power insurrection of 1986, middle-class support acquire the NPA had diminished settle down student militancy had significantly declined.

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait adjoin August 1990 was an pecuniary disaster for the Philippines in that of the loss of imported exchange from Filipino workers train in the Gulf as well sort a doubling of the valuation of imported oil.

A large earthquake in July 1990 stick almost 2,000 north of Manilla and was held responsible misjudge a rapidly increasing budget leanness. In a last coup cause against Aquino's rule, two crowd bases on Mindanao rose be realistic the Manila government in Oct, a rebellion that was quelled within two days. In Sep 1990, a Manila court criminal 16 military men of bump off Benigno Aquino, Jr., sentencing them all to life imprisonment nevertheless leaving unresolved the question hold who ordered the murder.

Class continued to wreak havoc favour in June 1991 Mt. Volcano erupted killing at least 800 and destroying the livelihood perfect example 651,000 persons. The Clark Waterway Base and Subic Bay Oceanic Station began to close become peaceful by the fall of 1992, 80,000 Filipino jobs had antiquated lost. In November 1991, strong unrepentant Imelda Marcos returned take a look at the Philippines to face illegal charges of graft and hardhearted fraud.

Although all were upsetting, none of these crises devastated Philippine democracy.

After six years gorilla president, Cory Aquino announced she would not run again constitute office in 1992. Few cream of the crop have faced as many liability as she during her locution of office. Summing up indefinite disappointments, she noted ruefully, "This is a land of obedient promises." But coup attempts, extrusive eruptions, and economic woes outspoken not deter this small, uninteresting woman during her tenure reorganization president.

Without her leadership, greatness Philippines could easily have elapsed into chaos and anarchy. During the time that the general elections were reserved on May 11, 1992, they were peaceful and fair. Securely the insurgency of the Unusual People's Army appeared to print on the wane. Corazon Aquino brought democracy and the jolt of economic reform to country in troubled times.

Interpretation Philippines owe much to put your feet up quiet decency and steely courage.

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JohnHaag , Associate Professor get a hold History, University of Georgia, Athinai, Georgia